Skeletal System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the upper arm?

  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Pectoralis major (correct)
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Biceps branchii

The biceps branchii muscle is a type of parallel muscle.

True (A)

What is the characteristic of muscles that run parallel to each other?

They are made up of fibers that run parallel to each other.

The _____ major muscle plays a key role in flexing the chest.

<p>Pectoralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following muscles with their classification:

<p>Rectus abdominis = Parallel muscle Biceps branchii = Parallel muscle Sternocleidomastoid = Parallel muscle Pectoralis major = Major muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two proteins make up the basic contractile unit of muscle fibers?

<p>Actin and Myosin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sarcomere is the basic structural unit of muscle fibers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape do the contractile fibers that surround certain muscles resemble?

<p>Doughnut</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscles that are shaped like a fan or triangle and attach to a fixed bone are called __________ muscles.

<p>convergent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of convergent muscles?

<p>Circular-ring-shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contractile units only exist in skeletal muscles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the basic contractile unit responsible for muscle contraction?

<p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of muscle to their characteristics:

<p>Skeletal = Voluntary control and striated Smooth = Involuntary control and non-striated Cardiac = Involuntary control and striated Convergent = Fan-shaped muscle with a fixed origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type is characterized by fibers on one side of the tendon?

<p>Unipennate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gastrocnemius muscle is a unipennate muscle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscles when they contract?

<p>They shorten in length and increase in diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle fibers of the _______________ have a greater range of motion and joint velocity.

<p>fusiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle increases diameter upon contraction?

<p>Gastrocnemius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fascicles in a multipennate muscle insert on multiple tendons that taper toward a common tendon.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ leads to greater movement in muscles, enhancing performance.

<p>joint velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff?

<p>Teres Major (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rectus muscles of the eye include the lateral, medial, superior, and inferior rectus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the muscle that functions to elevate the eyelid.

<p>Levator palpebrae superioris</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle responsible for lateral movement of the eye is the __________.

<p>lateral rectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following muscles with their primary functions:

<p>Supraspinatus = Abduction of the arm Infraspinatus = External rotation of the shoulder Teres Minor = External rotation of the arm Subscapularis = Internal rotation of the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the stapedius muscle?

<p>Regulate sound transmission in the middle ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trochlea is the structure that allows for the movement of the superior oblique muscle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the muscle that is primarily responsible for moving the eye upward.

<p>Superior rectus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of shape does the scapulae have?

<p>Long and slender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cranial bones have a smooth surface.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of a complex bone shape.

<p>Limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ribs and sternum are examples of _____ bones.

<p>flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature do the cranial bones exhibit?

<p>Irregular and rough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bone types with their characteristics:

<p>Flat bones = Thin and smooth Irregular bones = Complex shape Long bones = Long and slender Short bones = Approximately equal in length and width</p> Signup and view all the answers

The size, shape, and number of bones are consistent across all individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of irregular bones?

<p>Complex shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape is the pelvic bone classified as?

<p>Flat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vertebrae are shaped like small boxy structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the head to the diaphysis?

<p>neck of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ joint is formed by the connection between wrists and ankles.

<p>tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bone shapes with their descriptions:

<p>Small and boxy = Vertebrae Flat and dense = Pelvis Cubic = Carpals Long and slender = Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are typically described as resembling sesame seeds?

<p>Wrist bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteons form the outer layer of long bones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bones in the hands and feet are primarily _____ shaped.

<p>small</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sarcomere

The basic contractile unit of muscle fibers.

Muscle Fiber

A contractile fiber in muscles.

Actin and Myosin

Two protein filaments within a sarcomere.

Circular Muscles

Muscles that surround openings in the body.

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Convergent Muscles

Fan-shaped or triangular muscles.

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Contractile Fibers

The fibers that actually shorten and lengthen the muscle.

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Example Circular Muscles

Muscles like mouth, pupils, and anus.

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Attachment to fixed bone (Convergent)

Where a convergent muscle attaches to non moving part of a skeleton.

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Pectoralis major

A major muscle in the upper arm/chest that flexes the arm.

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Parallel Muscles

Muscles with fibers running in the same direction.

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Rectus abdominis

A parallel muscle in the abdomen.

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Biceps brachii

Parallel muscle of the upper arm.

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Sternocleidomastoid

A parallel muscle related to the neck.

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Muscle contraction

Muscles shorten in length and increase in diameter to produce movement.

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Unipennate muscle

Muscle fibers are all on one side of the tendon.

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Multipennate muscle

Muscle fascicles insert on multiple tendons that taper towards a common tendon.

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Fusiform muscle

Muscles have a greater range of motion and joint velocity.

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Extensor digitorum longus

A muscle in the lower leg.

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Flexor hallucis longus

Muscle in the lower leg.

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Gluteus maximus

Muscle in the buttocks, especially the side of the leg.

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Gastrocnemius

Muscle in the lower leg, especially the back and sides of the lower leg.

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Rectus Femoris

A bipennate muscle in the thigh, responsible for extending the leg at the knee.

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Stapedius Muscle

A small muscle in the middle ear that controls the stapes bone, responsible for hearing.

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Rotator Cuff

A group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint, providing stability and rotation.

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Supraspinatus

A part of the rotator cuff, located above the spine of the scapula, assists in abduction (lifting the arm).

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Infraspinatus

Another rotator cuff muscle, located below the spine of the scapula, assists in lateral rotation.

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Teres Minor

A small rotator cuff muscle that helps with external rotation.

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Subscapularis

A rotator cuff muscle on the underside of the scapula, helps with internal rotation.

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Bone Surface Features

Distinctive shapes and patterns on the surfaces of bones, such as ridges, notches, and surfaces.

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Smooth Bone Surface

A bone surface that is flat, even, and without any prominent features.

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Rough Bone Surface

A bone surface with bumps, ridges, or other irregularities.

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Parallel Bone Surfaces

Two bone surfaces that run alongside each other, parallel to one another.

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Cranial Bones

The bones that make up the skull, protecting the brain.

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Sternum

The breastbone, located in the center of the chest.

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Ribs

Bony structures that protect the internal organs of the chest.

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Scapulae

Shoulder blades, flat and triangular bones.

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Vertebrae

Individual bones that make up the vertebral column or spine. They protect the spinal cord and provide support for the body.

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Pelvis

A bowl-shaped bony structure formed by the fusion of the right and left hip bones and the sacrum. It supports the weight of the upper body and protects internal organs.

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Sesamoid bones

Small, round bones that are embedded within tendons. They help to reduce friction and improve leverage during joint movement.

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Short Bones

Small, boxy bones that are about as wide as they are long. They provide strength and support in areas where movement is limited.

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Flat Bones

Thin, flat bones that provide protection for internal organs and serve as attachment points for muscles.

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Long bones

Elongated bones with a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). They provide support, movement, and attachment points.

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Epiphysis

The rounded ends of a long bone, covered with articular cartilage, which forms a joint with another bone.

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Study Notes

Skeletal System

  • Sarcomere: Basic contractile unit of muscle fibers, containing actin and myosin protein filaments.
  • Contractile Fibers: Muscles responsible for movement. Classified by shape:
    • Circular: Ring-shaped, like the muscles surrounding the mouth.
    • Convergent: Fan-shaped or triangular, attaching to a fixed bone, with fascicles converging at a single joint (e.g., pectoralis major).
    • Parallel: Muscles with fibers running parallel to each other, shortening in length and increasing in diameter when contracted (e.g. rectus abdominis).
    • Unipennate: Muscle fibers are on one side of the tendon (e.g., extensor digitorum longus).
    • Multipennate: Muscle fibers insert on multiple tendons, tapering towards a common tendon (e.g. deltoid).
    • Fusiform: Spindle-shaped, with a wider belly and tapered ends (e.g., biceps brachii).
    • Bipennate: Muscle fibers that have fibers on two sides of the tendon (e.g., rectus femoris).

### Bone Types

  • Long Bones: Elongated, with a shaft (diaphysis) and ends (epiphyses). Examples include the humerus, femur, radius, and ulna.
  • Flat Bones: Thin, and flat, often curved. Examples include the parietal bones of the skull and the ribs.
  • Short Bones: Roughly cube-shaped. Examples include carpal bones (wrist) and tarsal bones (ankle).
  • Irregular Bones: Complex shapes, not fitting any other category. Examples include vertebrae and facial bones.
  • Sesamoid Bones: Small, flat bones embedded within tendons. Examples include the patella.

Bone Structure and Function

  • Compact Bone: Dense, outer layer of bones, providing strength and support.
  • Spongy Bone: Porous, inner layer of bones, helping with bone weight distribution and the creation of bone marrow.
  • Bone Markings: Processes (projections) and depressions, serving as points of attachment for muscles or joints. Examples include condyles, epicondyles, and facets.

Additional Details

  • Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum (80 bones)
  • Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the limbs, shoulders and hips (126 bones)
  • Axial/Appendicular: Total 206 bones in the body.

### Muscles of the Upper Body

  • Temporalis: Jaw muscle.
  • Orbicularis Oculi: Muscle responsible for closing eyes.
  • Masseter: Jaw muscle.
  • Mentalis: Raises and wrinkles the chin.
  • Platysma: Stretches the skin of the lower face and neck.
  • Deltoid: Shoulder muscle.
  • Pectoralis Major: Upper chest muscle.

Muscles of the Lower Body

  • Gluteus Maximus: A major muscle in the buttocks.
  • Gastrocnemius: Calf muscle (lower leg).
  • Biceps femoris: Thigh muscle.
  • Semitendinosus: Thigh muscle.
  • Semimembranosus: Thigh muscle.

Eye Muscles

  • Superior rectus: Elevates the eye (upward movement).
  • Inferior rectus: Depresses the eye (downward movement).
  • Lateral rectus: Abducts the eye (sideways movement).
  • Medial rectus: Adducts the eye (sideways movement).
  • Superior oblique: Depresses and abducts the eye.
  • Inferior oblique: Elevates and abducts the eye.

Ear Bones

  • Malleus: Hammer-shaped bone in the middle ear.
  • Incus: Anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear.
  • Stapes: Stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear.

### Other Details

  • Rotator cuff: A group of muscles that hold the shoulder joint in place. It includes: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor & Subscapularis.

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