Skeletal System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Hormone regulation (correct)

Support

Blood cell production

Movement

What classification of bone is characterized by having a long shaft with two expanded ends?

Irregular bone

Short bone

Long bone (correct)

Flat bone

Which mineral is primarily stored in bones and is crucial for various bodily functions?

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium (correct)

Iron

The axial skeleton consists of which of the following?

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of blood cell production in the bones known as?

Hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

Which bone structure primarily supports the weight of the body?

Calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the periosteum?

Covers and protects the bone Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the long bone is responsible for nutrient transport?

Central canals Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does the big toe have?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural unit of compact bone?

Haversian system Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone fracture is characterized by a complete break through the bone?

Complete fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is classified as a synovial joint?

Knee joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a compound (open) fracture?

It pierces the skin. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is typically immovable and consists of fibrous connective tissue?

Fibrous joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a hinge joint?

Allows for flexion and extension. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reduction involves realigning bone fragments without surgery?

Closed reduction Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is a ball-and-socket joint?

Shoulder joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of an impacted fracture?

The ends of the bone are jammed into each other. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the clavicle in the pectoral girdle?

To stabilize the shoulder and act as a brace for the scapula Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the scapula is NOT true?

The scapula is a long bone of the upper limb. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the radial tuberosity on the radius?

It serves as an attachment point for the biceps brachii tendon. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

Trochlear notch Signup and view all the answers

Where is the head of the radius located?

At the proximal end of the radius fitting into the radial notch of the ulna Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the humerus from other bones in the upper limb?

It is a long bone and the primary bone of the arm. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the scapula is involved in the articulation with the humerus?

Glenoid cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the positioning of the radius compared to the ulna?

The radius is on the lateral side of the forearm. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cranial bones?

Protect the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is considered a facial bone?

Maxillae Signup and view all the answers

The hyoid bone is unique among bones in the body because it does what?

Does not articulate with any other bone Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a pivot point for the atlas in the vertebral column?

Axis Signup and view all the answers

Which curvature of the spine is characterized as concave anteriorly?

Thoracic Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of true ribs are there?

7 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the paranasal sinuses?

Reduce the weight of the skull Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest single bone of the face?

Mandible Signup and view all the answers

What structure lies superior to the larynx?

Hyoid bone Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the rib cage directly connects to the thoracic vertebrae?

All ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of intervertebral discs?

Prevent vertebrae from grinding against one another Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skull bones is described as having a bat or butterfly shape?

Sphenoid bone Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal spinal curvature is characterized by an exaggerated lumbar curve?

Lordosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Skeletal System Overview

The skeleton is categorized into two parts: axial and appendicular.
Key functions: support, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage (calcium, phosphate), and facilitation of movement.

Classification of Bones

Long bones: characterized by a long shaft with expanded ends.
Short bones: cube-shaped.
Flat bones: plate-like with broad surfaces.
Irregular bones: varied shapes.
Round bones: circular in shape.

Axial Skeleton

Major components include the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and middle ear bones.

Skull

Comprised of the cranium and facial bones.
Protects the brain; features immovable joints (sutures).
Cranium consists of 8 bones: frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, and ethmoid.

Hyoid Bone

Located superior to the larynx.
Unique as it does not articulate with other bones; anchors the tongue and supports muscles for swallowing.

Vertebral Column

Composed of cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), and coccygeal vertebrae (3-5 fused).
Provides structural support and protects the spinal cord.
Normal curvatures include cervical and lumbar (convex anteriorly), thoracic and sacral (concave anteriorly). Abnormalities include lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.

Intervertebral Discs

Act as shock absorbers and allow motion between vertebrae.

Rib Cage

Protects heart and lungs; supports pectoral girdle.
Contains 12 pairs of ribs: true ribs (first 7 pairs directly connected to sternum) and false ribs (next 5 pairs, some float).
Sternum consists of three fused parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Appendicular Skeleton

Comprises pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.

Pectoral Girdle

Clavicles articulate with the manubrium and stabilize the shoulder.
Scapulae connect with the humerus at the glenoid cavity.

Upper Limb

Humerus is the main long bone; its head fits into the glenoid cavity.
Radius: lateral side, articulates with the ulna.
Ulna: longer forearm bone; features like the coronoid and olecranon processes facilitate elbow movement.

Foot Anatomy

Seven tarsal bones; the talus allows movement, while the calcaneus supports body weight.
Five metatarsal bones form the instep, with phalanges making up the toes, featuring two in the big toe and three in others.

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Composed of periosteum (outer covering), epiphysis (ends), diaphysis (shaft), and medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow).
Articular cartilage provides a smooth surface for joint movement; endosteum lines the medullary cavity.

Bone Structure

Compact bone is organized into structural units called Haversian systems or osteons.
Contains central canals with blood vessels and nerves, lamellae (layers of matrix), and osteocytes (bone cells).

Bone Fractures

Types include complete, incomplete, simple (closed), compound (open), impacted, spiral, and comminuted.
Reduction methods for fractures: closed reduction (non-surgical realignment) and open reduction (surgical repair).

Joints (Articulations)

Classified by movement:
- Synarthrosis: immovable joints.
- Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joints.
- Diarthrosis: freely movable joints.
Structural classification includes:
- Fibrous joints (immovable).
- Cartilaginous joints (usually slightly movable).
- Synovial joints (freely movable with a joint cavity).

Types of Synovial Joints

Saddle joint: e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Ball-and-socket joint: e.g., shoulder and hip.
Pivot joint: e.g., between ulna and radius.
Hinge joint: e.g., elbow and knee.
Gliding joint: e.g., within wrist and ankle.

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Description

This quiz covers the microscopic structures and organization of bones, as well as the identification and location of various bones in the human skeleton. Additionally, it addresses common bone disorders, enhancing your understanding of the skeletal system.