Skeletal System Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of these organs is NOT located within the abdominal cavity?

  • Spleen
  • Heart (correct)
  • Pancreas
  • Liver

What is the anatomical term for the region of the abdomen located below the umbilical region?

  • Hypochondriac
  • Lumbar
  • Epigastric
  • Hypogastric (correct)

In which quadrant of the abdomen would you find the majority of the liver?

  • Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
  • Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
  • Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) (correct)
  • Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

What are the four elements that comprise 96% of human body weight?

<p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of an atom?

<p>Isotope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of electrons in the formation of chemical bonds?

<p>Electrons are involved in the interactions between atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bonds is considered the weakest type of chemical bond?

<p>Hydrogen bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the skeletal system?

<p>Providing support and structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

<p>Skull (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?

<p>Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts play in bone health?

<p>They are responsible for bone resorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of bone based on size and shape?

<p>Flexible bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions?

<p>Endocrine system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship of the heart to the lungs in anatomical terms?

<p>Medial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

<p>Defends against infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the sagittal plane?

<p>Divides the body into left and right sides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the anatomical position, which term describes the position of the hands?

<p>Palmar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system includes the skin, hair, and nails?

<p>Integumentary system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What terms describe the position 'further from the surface of the body'?

<p>Deep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system primarily facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

<p>Respiratory system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cations from anions?

<p>Cations are positively charged, while anions are negatively charged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that defines a compound?

<p>It contains only one type of atom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of enzymes?

<p>Enzymes act as catalysts by speeding up chemical reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a solution that distinguishes it from a suspension?

<p>A solution has evenly distributed particles that do not settle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of energy is directly involved in energy transfer processes in biological systems?

<p>Chemical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle tissue?

<p>Voluntary movement attached to bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not part of the pelvic girdle?

<p>Clavicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes how calcium functions during muscle contraction?

<p>Promotes the sliding of myosin and actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of contraction is described by a brief contraction from a single stimulus?

<p>Twitch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed during muscle contraction?

<p>Myosin heads detach from actin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of energy for muscle contraction?

<p>Lactic Acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

<p>To bind to actin and allow myosin to bind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

<p>Ball-and-socket joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes cardiac muscle tissue?

<p>Striated and involuntary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the functional unit of a muscle?

<p>Motor unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the sliding filament mechanism in muscle contraction?

<p>Calcium entering the muscle fiber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

<p>Acetylcholine is released from the motor neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the upper limb bones?

<p>Femur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a muscle naming convention?

<p>Origin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a twitch and tetanus?

<p>A twitch is a single contraction, while tetanus is a series of contractions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about recruitment is TRUE?

<p>Recruitment is the process of recruiting more muscle fibers to produce a stronger contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Functions of the Skeletal System

Support, movement, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage are key functions of the skeletal system.

Types of Bones

Bones are classified into four types: long, short, flat, and irregular based on size and shape.

Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer, while spongy bone is lighter, porous, and found inside bones.

Structure of a Long Bone

A long bone has a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), and a medullary cavity containing marrow.

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Axial Skeleton Bones

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage which protect vital organs and support the head and neck.

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Integumentary system

The system that includes skin, hair, and nails.

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Skeletal system

The system composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

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Muscular system

The system that includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.

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Nervous system

The system containing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

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Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right sides.

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Coronal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

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Anterior

Refers to the front of the body.

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Ions

Charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

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Electrolytes

Ions in solution that conduct electricity; essential for bodily functions.

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Cations

Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses electrons.

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Anions

Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains electrons.

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pH

A scale that measures how acidic or basic a solution is.

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Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes limbs and girdles.

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Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle types.

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Skeletal Muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones.

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Cardiac Muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle found in the heart.

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Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle in internal organs.

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Sliding Filament Mechanism

Process of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin.

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Role of Calcium in Muscle Contraction

Calcium enables muscle contraction by exposing binding sites.

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Role of ATP in Muscle Contraction

ATP provides energy for myosin heads to pull actin.

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Transverse plane

A horizontal slice separating the body into upper and lower portions.

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Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

One of the four quadrants of the abdomen located in the upper right.

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Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

One of the four quadrants of the abdomen located in the upper left.

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Thoracic cavity

Cavity containing the heart, lungs, and surrounding structures.

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Abdominal cavity

Contains digestive organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines.

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Cranial cavity

Houses the brain, located within the skull.

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Element

A pure substance consisting entirely of one type of atom.

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Atom

The smallest unit of an element, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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Calcium

A mineral that unlocks muscle contraction by binding to proteins.

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Twitch

A brief muscle contraction resulting from a single stimulus.

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Tetanus

A sustained muscle contraction due to rapid, repeated stimuli.

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Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

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Neuromuscular Junction

The connection point between a nerve and a muscle fiber.

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Biceps

A muscle with two origins located in the upper arm.

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Muscle contractions

The process by which muscles tighten to produce movement.

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Study Notes

Skeletal System Functions

  • The skeletal system provides support and shape to the body.
  • It protects vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
  • It facilitates body movement through the interaction of bones and muscles.

Bone Classification

  • Bones are categorized by size and shape into four main types.
    • Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus) have a long cylindrical shaft.
    • Short bones (e.g., wrist and ankle bones) are roughly cube-shaped.
    • Flat bones (e.g., ribs, skull, shoulder blades) are thin and curved.
    • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae) have complex shapes that don't fit the other categories.

Bone Composition and Location

  • Compact bone forms the outer layer and is dense and solid.
  • Spongy bone is porous, with a honeycomb structure, found inside bones, containing bone marrow.
  • Compact bone provides strength and protection.
  • Spongy bone houses bone marrow for blood cell production and mineral storage.

Long Bone Structure

  • Diaphysis: The long shaft in the middle of the bone.
  • Epiphysis: The rounded ends of the bone.
  • Metaphysis: The area connecting the shaft to the ends.
  • Epiphyseal plate: The growth plate in children between the epiphysis and metaphysis.

Bone Growth

  • Osteoblasts build new bone.
  • Osteoclasts break down old bone.
  • Bones grow in length due to the epiphyseal plate.
  • Bones grow in width due to osteoblasts on the outer periosteum and osteoclasts on the inner endosteum.

Axial Skeleton Bones and Landmarks

  • Skull (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid)
  • Landmarks: orbit, zygomatic, mandible
  • Hyoid bone
  • Vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)
  • Landmarks: vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process
  • Rib cage (sternum, manubrium, body, xiphoid process, ribs)

Appendicular Skeleton Bones and Landmarks

  • Pectoral girdles (clavicle, scapula)
  • Landmarks: acromion, spine, glenoid cavity
  • Upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
  • Pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx)
  • Lower limbs (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

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