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Questions and Answers
What is the rigid framework of the human body called?
Skeletal System
How many bones make up the adult human skeleton?
206
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?
What are the two main categories of the skeleton?
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What is bone considered in terms of biological classification?
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Cortical bone is the spongy inner part of the bone.
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What type of bone makes up the majority of the appendicular skeleton?
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What are the two types of epiphysis in children who are still growing?
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Which of the following bones are classified as flat bones?
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What is the periosteum?
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Wolff's Law states that bone grows and remodels in response to the forces placed upon it, leading to the adaptation of the __________.
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Name and describe one common skeletal pathology.
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Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone?
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Match the types of bones with their characteristics.
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Overview
- The skeletal system serves as the rigid framework of the human body.
- Protects vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, and heart.
- Comprises a total of 206 bones.
Skeleton Categories
- Axial Skeleton:
- Consists of 80 bones.
- Includes the head, thorax, and trunk.
- Appendicular Skeleton:
- Contains 126 bones.
- Involves upper and lower extremities.
Structure of Bone
- Bone is classified as an organ composed of various tissue types:
- Fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous, and vascular.
- Recognized as the hardest type of connective tissue in the body.
- Types of bone tissue:
- Compact (cortical) bone: hard, dense outer shell.
- Cancellous (trabecular) bone: porous inner structure.
Long Bone Anatomy
- Epiphysis: Wider ends; osseous in adults, cartilaginous in children.
- Diaphysis: Main shaft; predominantly compact bone, hollow center for weight reduction, contains marrow.
- Metaphysis: Flared point at each end supporting the epiphysis.
- Periosteum: Thin fibrous membrane covering bones, housing nerves and blood vessels; promotes growth and repair.
Growth Plates
- Two types of epiphysis in growing children:
- Pressure Epiphysis: At ends of long bones under pressure.
- Traction Epiphysis: Where tendons attach and pull on bones.
Types of Bones
- Long Bones: Longer than wide; major components of the appendicular skeleton (e.g., femur).
- Short Bones: Equal dimensions; found in carpal and tarsal regions, articulate with multiple bones.
- Flat Bones: Broad and thin; serve as blood cell production sites (e.g., scapula, sternum).
- Irregular Bones: Complex shapes located in the axial skeleton (e.g., vertebrae).
- Sesamoid Bones: Small, seed-like bones associated with tendon crossings (e.g., patella).
Bone Markings
- Bone surfaces exhibit holes, depressions, ridges, and grooves for functional purposes.
- Portray attachment points for muscles and ligaments, and pathways for blood vessels and nerves.
- Key types of markings:
- Depressions: Foramen, fossa, groove, meatus, sinus.
- Projections: Condyle, tubercle, facet, head, crest, epicondyle, tuberosity, trochanter, spine.
Common Skeletal Pathologies
- Fractures: Complete, incomplete, compound, and simple.
- Osteoporosis: Loss of normal bone density.
- Osteomyelitis: Bone infection.
- Epiphyseal growth plate fractures.
Wolff’s Law
- Principle stating bone adapts and remodels in response to applied forces.
- Increasing load on bones promotes density; unloading may weaken structures.
- Examples of activities influencing bone adaptation include tennis, weightlifting, surfing, space work, and running.
Diagnosis Related to Wolff’s Law
- Common injuries include shoulder rotator cuff injuries and lateral epicondylitis.
Review Questions
- Identify the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
- Describe two types of bones and provide specific examples.
- Explain the role of the periosteum.
- List five types of bones and examples for each.
- Define and describe five bone depressions/openings.
- Name and describe ten bone projections or processes.
- Summarize Wolff's law and its implications.
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Description
Explore the intricate structure and function of the skeletal system through this quiz. Learn about the axial and appendicular skeletons, the different types of bones, and their vital role in protecting the body's organs. Perfect for students in OT 505.
