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Questions and Answers
Which bone is NOT part of the cranium?
Which bone is NOT part of the cranium?
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
How many total bones make up the axial skeleton?
How many total bones make up the axial skeleton?
Which of the following structures is part of the thoracic cage?
Which of the following structures is part of the thoracic cage?
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Which structure is NOT identified as a principal suture in the skull?
Which structure is NOT identified as a principal suture in the skull?
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What is the total number of facial bones in the human skull?
What is the total number of facial bones in the human skull?
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Which bone is NOT part of the cranium?
Which bone is NOT part of the cranium?
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Which cranial fossa is located anteriorly?
Which cranial fossa is located anteriorly?
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What is the largest paranasal air sinus?
What is the largest paranasal air sinus?
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Which of the following sutures separates the parietal bones from the frontal bone?
Which of the following sutures separates the parietal bones from the frontal bone?
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Which structure serves as an opening for the spinal cord?
Which structure serves as an opening for the spinal cord?
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Which of the following is NOT a paired facial bone?
Which of the following is NOT a paired facial bone?
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What condition is characterized by inflammation of the frontal sinus?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of the frontal sinus?
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What is the name of the soft spots in an infant's skull due to incompletely fused cranial bones?
What is the name of the soft spots in an infant's skull due to incompletely fused cranial bones?
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What is the primary function of the foramina, canals, and fissures in the skull?
What is the primary function of the foramina, canals, and fissures in the skull?
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What is a unique characteristic of the hyoid bone?
What is a unique characteristic of the hyoid bone?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical vertebra?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical vertebra?
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What role do intervertebral discs play in the vertebral column?
What role do intervertebral discs play in the vertebral column?
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Which region of the vertebral column has the least number of vertebrae?
Which region of the vertebral column has the least number of vertebrae?
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Which ligament is NOT involved in stabilizing the vertebral column?
Which ligament is NOT involved in stabilizing the vertebral column?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System I
- The skeleton consists of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments
- It's composed of 206 named bones divided into two sections: Axial and Appendicular
- Axial Skeleton: includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (80 bones)
- Appendicular Skeleton: includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs (126 bones)
Skull
- Formed from cranial and facial bones
- Cranium: encloses the brain
- Composed of 8 bones: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 ethmoid, 1 sphenoid bones
- Facial Bones: form the face; 14 bones (12 paired & 2 single bones):
- 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer, 1 mandible
Skull Cavities
- Middle and inner ear cavities (lateral aspect of cranial base)
- Nasal cavities
- Orbits (house the eyeballs)
- Air-filled sinuses (occur near nasal cavity: four paranasal air sinuses)
Cranial Foramina
- Approximately 85 openings (foramina, canals, and fissures) in the skull
- Provide passageways for: spinal cord, blood vessels serving the brain, and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Cranial Bone Sutures
- Three main sutures:
- Coronal suture: parietal/frontal bones meet
- Sagittal suture: right/left parietal bones meet
- Lambdoid suture: parietal/occipital bones meet
Bones of the Face, Including the Nose
- Includes the bones forming the face, including the nose.
- Frontal, temporal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible
Paranasal Sinuses
- Air-filled spaces in the skull bones
- Types: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary (largest)
Neonatal Skull
- Cranial bones are incompletely fused in infants.
- Soft spots (fontanelles) are found on the skull.
Hyoid Bone
- Lies inferior to the mandible and superior to the larynx.
- The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone.
- It serves as a base for the tongue, offering attachment points for swallowing muscles.
Vertebral Column
- Formed from 26 separate bones in adults
- Transmits trunk weight to lower limbs.
- Surrounds and protects spinal cord, provides attachments for neck/back muscles.
- Sections include: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral fused vertebrae, and 3-4 coccyx fused vertebrae.
- Supported by ligaments (anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum) and synovial joints
Intervertebral Discs
- Cushion-like pads between vertebrae
- Act as shock absorbers
- Composed of nucleus pulposus (inner gelatinous material) and annulus fibrosis (outer ring of cartilage)
- Note: A remnant of the notochord becomes part of the nucleus pulposus.*
Normal Vertebral Curvatures
- Four characteristic curves in the vertebral column (S shape)
- Cervical and lumbar curvatures are concave posteriorly
- Thoracic and sacral curvatures are convex posteriorly
- These curvatures increase the resilience of the spine
- A fetus initially has only thoracic and sacral curvatures.
Abnormal Vertebral Curvatures
- Scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis are examples of abnormal curvatures
Thoracic Cage
- Composed of thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and rib cartilages, and the sternum
- Protects the heart and lungs
- Sternum's shape is like a dagger; constructed of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Ribs
- 12 pairs (true and false).
- First 10 pairs attach to the sternum via hyaline cartilage; the lower two (floating ribs) do not attach to the sternum.
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Description
Explore the fundamental components of the skeletal system, focusing on the axial and appendicular skeleton. Delve into the structure of the skull, its cavities, and the cranial foramina. This quiz will test your knowledge on the bones and functions of the skeletal system.
