Skeletal System I Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

  • Protection of delicate organs
  • Blood cell formation
  • Production of hormones (correct)
  • Support for body structure

Which component of the skeletal system primarily keeps the bones connected at the joints?

  • Tendons
  • Cartilage
  • Muscles
  • Ligaments (correct)

How does bone tissue contribute to detoxification?

  • By excreting toxins directly
  • By absorbing heavy metals from the blood (correct)
  • By actively destroying foreign elements
  • By filtering blood through bone marrow

What signifies that bones are alive organs?

<p>They are permeated with nerves and blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do tendons play in the skeletal system?

<p>Attach muscles to bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periosteum?

<p>To provide continuity from muscle to tendon and bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bone tissue is made up of organic material?

<p>33% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances primarily makes up the inorganic component of bone tissue?

<p>Hydroxyapatite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones does an adult human typically have?

<p>206 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bones are formed inside tendons in response to stress?

<p>Sesamoid bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process refers to the hardening of bone tissue through mineral deposition?

<p>Mineralization (B), Calcification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is primarily involved in body movement?

<p>Long bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained within the marrow cavity of a bone?

<p>Bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is classified as a flat bone?

<p>Ribs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of a long bone provides leverage during movement?

<p>Diaphysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows for the growth in length of long bones during childhood and adolescence?

<p>Epiphyseal plate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is primarily involved in the formation of the bone matrix?

<p>Osseous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epiphysis in a long bone?

<p>Strengthening the joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

<p>Pelvic girdle and femur (A), Clavicle and scapula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones comprise the pectoral girdle?

<p>Clavicle and scapula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the surgical neck of the humerus?

<p>A narrowing just distal to the tubercles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT found on the scapula?

<p>Radial notch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the femur is true?

<p>It has a patellar surface on its distal end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?

<p>To connect the limbs to the axial skeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the small round bones found in the hands and feet?

<p>Sesamoid bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the coronoid process of the ulna?

<p>To form part of the elbow joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are found in one hand?

<p>14 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the radius is found at its distal end?

<p>Ulnar notch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the iliac crest?

<p>To allow muscle attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT a carpal bone?

<p>Metacarpal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located in the proximal end of the ulna?

<p>Olecranon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of the scapula?

<p>A triangular plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skeletal System Components

The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments that form a strong and flexible framework for the body.

Bone Function: Support

The bones of the legs, pelvis, and spine hold up the body.

Bone Function: Movement

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones, enabling movement.

Bone Function: Blood Formation

Red bone marrow produces blood cells.

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Bone Function: Electrolyte Balance

Bones store calcium and phosphate, regulating electrolyte levels in the body.

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Osseous Tissue

Connective tissue hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals.

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Osteology

The study of bone.

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Compact Bone

Dense, outer bone shell.

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Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

Loosely organized, inner part of bone.

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Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

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Epiphysis

Expanded head at the end of a long bone.

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Epiphyseal Plate

Cartilage plate for bone lengthening in children and adolescents.

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Long Bone

Most important bones for body movement.

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Periosteum

A tough membrane that covers the outer surface of most bones. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells that help with bone growth and repair.

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What are the main components of bone tissue?

Bone tissue is composed of approximately 1/3 organic material (collagen and other proteins) and 2/3 inorganic material (mainly hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate salt).

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Hydroxyapatite

A crystallized calcium phosphate salt, [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], which is the primary component of bone's inorganic material.

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Foramina Nutricium

Tiny holes in the bone surface that allow blood vessels to enter and nourish the bone tissue.

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Sesamoid Bones

Small bones that form inside tendons in response to stress, especially during activities.

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What are Sutural Bones?

Small, irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull, also known as Wormian bones.

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What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?

The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the limbs and their girdles.

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What makes up the pectoral girdle?

The pectoral girdle, also known as the shoulder girdle, supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton. It consists of two bones on each side: the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade).

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Where does the clavicle articulate?

The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint, and its lateral end articulates with the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.

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What's unique about the scapula?

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a triangular bone that glides over the rib cage. It doesn't directly connect to the thoracic cage, only through muscles.

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Define Conoid tubercle

A rough tuberosity located near the acromial end of the clavicle.

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What are the landmarks of the scapula?

The scapula has a spine, supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, a suprascapular notch, subscapular fossa, acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity.

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What are the divisions of the upper limb?

The upper limb is divided into three regions: the brachium (upper arm), the antebrachium (forearm), and the manus (hand).

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What features are proximal to the humerus head?

The proximal humerus has a head, anatomical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, an intertubercular sulcus, and the surgical neck.

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What's the Deltoid tuberosity?

A roughened area on the humerus shaft where the deltoid muscle inserts.

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What are the distal features of the humerus?

The distal humerus has a capitulum, trochlea, lateral and medial epicondyles, radial and coronoid fossae (anterior), and the olecranon fossa (posterior).

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What are the key features of the radius?

The radius has a head, neck, radial tuberosity proximally, and a styloid process, articular facets, and ulnar notch distally.

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Describe the ulna's key features.

The ulna has an olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch proximally, and a styloid process distally.

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What are the carpal bones in the hand?

The carpal bones are arranged in two rows: proximal (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform) and distal (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate).

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What makes up the pelvic girdle?

The pelvic girdle is composed of two coxae (ilium, ischium, and pubis) which articulate with the sacrum of the axial skeleton.

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Study Notes

Skeletal System I

  • The skeletal system comprises bones, cartilages, and ligaments
  • These structures are tightly interconnected to form a strong, flexible framework for the body
  • Cartilage is an embryonic precursor to most bones and lines various joint surfaces in the mature skeleton
  • Ligaments connect bones at joints
  • Tendons connect muscles to bones
  • Bones are considered living organs
  • They contain nerves and blood vessels, highlighting their sensitivity and metabolic activity.

Functions of the Skeletal System

  • Support: Bones of legs, pelvis, and vertebral column provide body support.
  • Movement: Skeletal muscles work in conjunction with bones for movement.
  • Protection: Bones enclose and safeguard delicate organs like the brain and spinal cord.
  • Blood formation: Red bone marrow produces blood cells.
  • Electrolyte balance: Bones serve as the body's major reservoir for calcium and phosphate.
  • Acid-base balance: Bones help control pH by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate.
  • Detoxification: Bone tissue absorbs heavy metals, mitigating their toxicity and slowly releasing them for excretion.

Bones and Osseous Tissue

  • Bone is connective tissue with a matrix that's hardened by minerals (e.g., calcium phosphate)
  • This hardening process is called mineralization or calcification
  • The study of bone is called osteology
  • Bone also contains blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.

Bone Shapes and Types

  • Bones exhibit various shapes vital for their functions
  • Flat bones: Thin curved bones, like those in the skull, sternum, scapula, and ribs
  • Long bones: Crucial for movement, exemplified by the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges
  • Short bones: Found in wrists and ankles (carpals and tarsals)
  • Irregular bones: Include vertebrae, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones of the skull

General Features of Bones

  • Compact (dense) bone: Forms the outer shell of bones.
  • Spongy (cancellous) bone: A less organized form found within the ends of long bones containing bone marrow
  • Medullary cavity: A space within bones containing bone marrow.

Long Bones - Epiphysis and Diaphysis

  • Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone.
  • Epiphysis: The expanded end of a long bone.
  • Epiphyseal plate: In the growing bone, and it's a region where bone growth occurs. It disappears in adulthood.

Periosteum

  • A membrane covering bone exteriorly.
  • The periosteum comprises a fibrous and cellular layer, playing a role in bone growth, repair, and the attachment of tendons and ligaments.
  • Periosteal vessels penetrate the bone through foramina nutricium (small holes).

Bone Materials

  • Bone tissue is composed of approximately one-third organic (collagen) and two-thirds inorganic matter.
  • The inorganic matter primarily consists of hydroxyapatite (a crystalline calcium phosphate salt) alongside smaller amounts of various minerals.

Anatomical Structures in Bones

  • Bones demonstrate various anatomical features like protrusions, cavities, and holes
  • Understanding these is vital for later learning, e.g., for palpation (feeling from the outside) to identify structures.

The Bones (Detailed)

  • Adult humans possess 206 bones, newborns typically more (approximatly 270).
  • Sesamoid bones: Develop within tendons in response to stress (e.g., patella)
  • Sutural bones (Wormian bones): Small bones found within the sutures of the skull.
  • The skeleton serves as a reference for locating other anatomical structures.

Appendicular Skeleton

  • The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, along with their girdles.

  • Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
  • Upper limbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
  • Pelvic girdle: hip bone (coxal bone)
  • Lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

Axial Skeleton

  • The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Pelvic Girdle

  • The pelvic girdle or hip bones consist of illium, ischium, and pubis and
  • It forms a bony basin to protect the pelvic organs.
  • It supports the trunk and lower limbs.

Femur and Patella

  • The femur is the longest bone in the body;
  • It has a head with a neck.
  • It's proximal to the tibia.
  • The patella is in front of the knee joint, is sesamoid, and is included in the appendicular skeleton.

Tibia and Fibula

  • The tibia is the large medial bone of the lower leg, while the fibula is more on the lateral side.

Pedis(ankle and foot)

  • Tarsal bones form the ankle.

  • Metatarsals and phalanges form the foot.


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Skeletal System Notes PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including its structures, functions, and the roles of bones, cartilage, and ligaments. This quiz covers vital concepts such as support, movement, and blood formation, crucial for understanding human anatomy.

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