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Questions and Answers
What is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
What is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which component of the skeletal system primarily keeps the bones connected at the joints?
Which component of the skeletal system primarily keeps the bones connected at the joints?
How does bone tissue contribute to detoxification?
How does bone tissue contribute to detoxification?
What signifies that bones are alive organs?
What signifies that bones are alive organs?
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What role do tendons play in the skeletal system?
What role do tendons play in the skeletal system?
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What is the primary function of the periosteum?
What is the primary function of the periosteum?
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What percentage of bone tissue is made up of organic material?
What percentage of bone tissue is made up of organic material?
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Which of the following substances primarily makes up the inorganic component of bone tissue?
Which of the following substances primarily makes up the inorganic component of bone tissue?
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How many bones does an adult human typically have?
How many bones does an adult human typically have?
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Which type of bones are formed inside tendons in response to stress?
Which type of bones are formed inside tendons in response to stress?
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What process refers to the hardening of bone tissue through mineral deposition?
What process refers to the hardening of bone tissue through mineral deposition?
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Which type of bone is primarily involved in body movement?
Which type of bone is primarily involved in body movement?
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What is contained within the marrow cavity of a bone?
What is contained within the marrow cavity of a bone?
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Which of the following bones is classified as a flat bone?
Which of the following bones is classified as a flat bone?
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What part of a long bone provides leverage during movement?
What part of a long bone provides leverage during movement?
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What structure allows for the growth in length of long bones during childhood and adolescence?
What structure allows for the growth in length of long bones during childhood and adolescence?
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Which tissue is primarily involved in the formation of the bone matrix?
Which tissue is primarily involved in the formation of the bone matrix?
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What is the primary function of the epiphysis in a long bone?
What is the primary function of the epiphysis in a long bone?
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What does the appendicular skeleton include?
What does the appendicular skeleton include?
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Which bones comprise the pectoral girdle?
Which bones comprise the pectoral girdle?
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What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
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Which of the following structures is NOT found on the scapula?
Which of the following structures is NOT found on the scapula?
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Which statement about the femur is true?
Which statement about the femur is true?
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What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
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What is the term for the small round bones found in the hands and feet?
What is the term for the small round bones found in the hands and feet?
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What is the main role of the coronoid process of the ulna?
What is the main role of the coronoid process of the ulna?
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How many phalanges are found in one hand?
How many phalanges are found in one hand?
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Which feature of the radius is found at its distal end?
Which feature of the radius is found at its distal end?
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What is the purpose of the iliac crest?
What is the purpose of the iliac crest?
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Which of the following bones is NOT a carpal bone?
Which of the following bones is NOT a carpal bone?
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What structure is located in the proximal end of the ulna?
What structure is located in the proximal end of the ulna?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of the scapula?
Which of the following best describes the structure of the scapula?
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Study Notes
Skeletal System I
- The skeletal system comprises bones, cartilages, and ligaments
- These structures are tightly interconnected to form a strong, flexible framework for the body
- Cartilage is an embryonic precursor to most bones and lines various joint surfaces in the mature skeleton
- Ligaments connect bones at joints
- Tendons connect muscles to bones
- Bones are considered living organs
- They contain nerves and blood vessels, highlighting their sensitivity and metabolic activity.
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Support: Bones of legs, pelvis, and vertebral column provide body support.
- Movement: Skeletal muscles work in conjunction with bones for movement.
- Protection: Bones enclose and safeguard delicate organs like the brain and spinal cord.
- Blood formation: Red bone marrow produces blood cells.
- Electrolyte balance: Bones serve as the body's major reservoir for calcium and phosphate.
- Acid-base balance: Bones help control pH by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts such as calcium phosphate.
- Detoxification: Bone tissue absorbs heavy metals, mitigating their toxicity and slowly releasing them for excretion.
Bones and Osseous Tissue
- Bone is connective tissue with a matrix that's hardened by minerals (e.g., calcium phosphate)
- This hardening process is called mineralization or calcification
- The study of bone is called osteology
- Bone also contains blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.
Bone Shapes and Types
- Bones exhibit various shapes vital for their functions
- Flat bones: Thin curved bones, like those in the skull, sternum, scapula, and ribs
- Long bones: Crucial for movement, exemplified by the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges
- Short bones: Found in wrists and ankles (carpals and tarsals)
- Irregular bones: Include vertebrae, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones of the skull
General Features of Bones
- Compact (dense) bone: Forms the outer shell of bones.
- Spongy (cancellous) bone: A less organized form found within the ends of long bones containing bone marrow
- Medullary cavity: A space within bones containing bone marrow.
Long Bones - Epiphysis and Diaphysis
- Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone.
- Epiphysis: The expanded end of a long bone.
- Epiphyseal plate: In the growing bone, and it's a region where bone growth occurs. It disappears in adulthood.
Periosteum
- A membrane covering bone exteriorly.
- The periosteum comprises a fibrous and cellular layer, playing a role in bone growth, repair, and the attachment of tendons and ligaments.
- Periosteal vessels penetrate the bone through foramina nutricium (small holes).
Bone Materials
- Bone tissue is composed of approximately one-third organic (collagen) and two-thirds inorganic matter.
- The inorganic matter primarily consists of hydroxyapatite (a crystalline calcium phosphate salt) alongside smaller amounts of various minerals.
Anatomical Structures in Bones
- Bones demonstrate various anatomical features like protrusions, cavities, and holes
- Understanding these is vital for later learning, e.g., for palpation (feeling from the outside) to identify structures.
The Bones (Detailed)
- Adult humans possess 206 bones, newborns typically more (approximatly 270).
- Sesamoid bones: Develop within tendons in response to stress (e.g., patella)
- Sutural bones (Wormian bones): Small bones found within the sutures of the skull.
- The skeleton serves as a reference for locating other anatomical structures.
Appendicular Skeleton
- The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, along with their girdles.
- Pectoral girdle: clavicle and scapula
- Upper limbs: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- Pelvic girdle: hip bone (coxal bone)
- Lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
Axial Skeleton
- The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
Pelvic Girdle
- The pelvic girdle or hip bones consist of illium, ischium, and pubis and
- It forms a bony basin to protect the pelvic organs.
- It supports the trunk and lower limbs.
Femur and Patella
- The femur is the longest bone in the body;
- It has a head with a neck.
- It's proximal to the tibia.
- The patella is in front of the knee joint, is sesamoid, and is included in the appendicular skeleton.
Tibia and Fibula
- The tibia is the large medial bone of the lower leg, while the fibula is more on the lateral side.
Pedis(ankle and foot)
- Tarsal bones form the ankle.
- Metatarsals and phalanges form the foot.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the skeletal system, including its structures, functions, and the roles of bones, cartilage, and ligaments. This quiz covers vital concepts such as support, movement, and blood formation, crucial for understanding human anatomy.
