Skeletal System Functions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What significant function does red bone marrow perform in the skeletal system?

It forms the protective outer layer of bones

It is the major producer of blood cells (correct)

It produces hormones that regulate metabolism

It provides structural support for cartilage

Which of the following substances are primarily stored in the skeletal system for electrolyte balance?

Sodium and chloride

Potassium and bicarbonate

Iron and magnesium

Calcium and phosphate (correct)

What is one of the roles of ligaments in the skeletal system?

They produce red blood cells

They connect muscles to bones

They cover joint surfaces with cartilage

They hold bones together at joints (correct)

How does the skeletal system assist in maintaining acid-base balance in the body?

By absorbing or releasing alkaline salts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of tendons in the skeletal system?

They attach muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the periosteum in bones?

To facilitate muscle-to-bone connection and support bone repair Signup and view all the answers

Which material primarily constitutes the inorganic component of bone tissue?

Hydroxyapatite Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are typically present in an adult human skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of bone tissue is made up of organic material?

33% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphysis in a long bone?

To serve as a lever for movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is characterized by being thin and curved?

Flat bones Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue forms the growth plate at the ends of long bones?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the epiphysis in a long bone?

To strengthen the joint and allow tendon attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is mineralization, in the context of bone structure?

The hardening of the bone matrix by minerals Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are considered long bones?

Humerus and femur Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be a component of osseous tissue?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of spongy bone compared to compact bone?

It has a more loosely organized structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?

To link the arm to the axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the articulation site of the medial end of the clavicle?

Sternum Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located on the lateral angle of the scapula?

Coracoid process Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the humerus is a common site for fractures?

Surgical neck Signup and view all the answers

How many carpal bones are there in the wrist?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What articulates with the acetabulum of the coxae in the pelvic girdle?

Femur Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tibia makes up the medial side of the leg?

Tibia Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides the only direct attachment of the scapula to the thoracic cage?

Muscles Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does each hand contain?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What is located at the distal end of the ulna?

Styloid process Signup and view all the answers

Which landmark is NOT found on the femur?

Acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone are sutural bones also referred to as?

Wormian bones Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System I

The skeletal system is vital in art and history, symbolizing death, especially in skulls.
Bones and teeth represent the durable evidence of past life.
Bones are living organs, permeated with nerves and blood vessels.
Their activity indicates metabolic and sensory function.

Ligament + Cartilage

Skeletal system elements are bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
These tightly combine to form a sturdy, flexible frame.
Cartilage acts as a precursor to many mature bones, covering joint surfaces.
Ligaments connect bones at joints.
Tendons structurally similar to ligaments, attach muscles to bones.

Functions of the Skeletal System

Support: Bones provide structure by holding up the body (legs, pelvis, vertebral column).
Movement: Bones are attachment points for muscles, enabling movement.
Protection: Bones protect delicate organs like the brain and spinal cord.
Blood formation: Red bone marrow produces blood cells.
Electrolyte balance: Bones store and release calcium and phosphate to control balance.
Acid-base balance: Bones regulate the blood's acidity by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts.
Detoxification: Bone tissue absorbs and stores heavy metals and potentially dangerous elements from the bloodstream, reducing harmful effects on other tissues.
The absorbed toxins are slowly released for excretion

Bones and Osseous Tissue

Bone is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix.
Mineralization (calcification) hardens the matrix via calcium phosphate buildup.
Osteology is the study of bone structure.
Bone comprises osseous tissue, blood, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.

General Features of Bones

Compact (dense) bone forms the outer shell of a bone.
The marrow cavity, or medullary cavity, contains bone marrow.
Spongy (cancellous) bone is loosely organized and found at bone ends.

Long Bones

Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone.
Epiphysis: Expanded ends of a long bone.
Epiphyseal plate: Cartilage found in children/adolescents; is the growth zone for bones.
The epiphyseal plate is not present in adults.

Periosteum

Periosteum: Fibrous and cellular membrane covering bones.
Periosteum plays a role in bone growth, repair, and attachment of tendons and muscles to bone.
Periosteal vessels nourish the bone through holes called foramina nutricium.

Bone Materials

Bone tissue is composed of approximately one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic material.
Organic matter includes collagen and other proteins.
Inorganic matter is primarily mineralized calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite).

Skeleton System

Skeletal anatomy is critical for later studies because bones serve as reference points for other anatomical structures.
Knowing bone positions and shapes aids clinicians in injection locations, pulse points, and X-ray interpretation.

The Bones

An adult skeleton typically has 206 bones.
A newborn has closer to 300 bones.
Sesamoid bones form within tendons in response to stress (e.g., the Patella).
Sutural (Wormian) bones are small, additional bones at sutures.

Anatomical Structures in Bones

Bones contain various structural elements like protrusions, cavities, and holes.
These terms are fundamental to anatomical description and understanding later studies.
Palpation, feeling structures through the skin, is commonly used in diagnostics.

Bone Terms

Numerous terms categorize bony features (e.g., canal, condyle, crest, fissure, fossa, process, spine, tubercle, or tuberosity).
Knowledge of these terms facilitates accurate anatomical descriptions.

Appendicular Skeleton

Appendicular skeleton incorporates the bones of appendages (hands, feet, limbs).
These bones are broadly classified into upper and lower limbs, including pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Pectoral Girdle

Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade) make up the pectoral girdle.
These connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
Articulations, like the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints, allow considerable movement.

Clavicle

The clavicle is a curved, slightly S-shaped bone.
Its medial end connects to the sternum (breastbone).
Its lateral end connects to the acromion of the scapula.
It's easily seen and felt.

Scapula

The scapula is a flat, triangular bone.
It articulates with other parts of the body via its various processes.
It's critical for upper body movement.

Upper Limb

The upper limb components are humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
These bones enable significant arm motions.
The humerus is the longest bone in the upper limb.

Humerus

The humerus, the upper arm bone, displays a head, neck, greater and lesser tubercles, and an intertubercular sulcus.
The surgical neck is a frequent fracture site.
The shaft (corpus) hosts the deltoid tuberosity.

Radius and Ulna

The radius and ulna form the forearm.
The radius is positioned laterally and is crucial for the rotation of the palm.
The ulna features an olecranon and helps with supination and pronation.

Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges

Carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (palm bones), and phalanges (finger bones) make up the hand.

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

The pelvic girdle consists of the coxae (hip bones).
Coxal bones consist of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
The lower limb comprises the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic girdle (pelvis) is a basin-like structure formed by two coxae and the sacrum.
It provides stability and supports the trunk.
It protects the pelvic viscera.

Coxae (Hip Bone)

Each hip bone is complex, consisting of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
These fuse to form the acetabulum (socket for the femur).

Femur

The femur, thigh bone, is the longest and strongest bone in the body, and vital for robust locomotion.
It exhibits a head, neck, and distal features such as the patellar surface, condyles, and intercondylar fossa.

Tibia and Fibula

Tibia (shinbone) is medial tibia larger than fibula.
Fibula is a slender lateral bone of the lower leg.
They contribute to the ankle and foot structure.

Pedis (Ankle and Foot)

The foot includes the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
These bones form the base of the lower limb.
The bones of the foot are shaped for load-bearing and balance.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the crucial functions and components of the skeletal system with this quiz. From the roles of red bone marrow to the significance of ligaments and tendons, you'll explore foundational concepts related to bone structure and function. Perfect for biology students and anyone interested in human anatomy!