Six Kingdoms of Life

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• Living things are classified into six kingdoms:
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Protist
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals

Archaea and Bacteria Kingdoms

• They consist of bacteria and archaea
• These are unicellular organisms
• They have prokaryotic cells
• There are no tissues
• They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Protist Kingdom

• Contains protozoa and algae
• These can be unicellular or multicellular organisms
• They have eukaryotic cells
• There are no tissues
• They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Fungi Kingdom

• Includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
• They have eukaryotic cells
• They can be unicellular or multicellular organisms
• There are no tissues
• They are heterotrophic

Plant Kingdom

• Consists of mosses, ferns, and flowering plants
• They have eukaryotic cells
• They are multicellular organisms
• They have tissues
• They are autotrophic

Animal Kingdom

• It includes invertebrates and vertebrates
• They have eukaryotic cells
• They are multicellular organisms
• They have tissues
• They are heterotrophic

Bacteria Kingdom

• All bacteria belong to the Bacteria kingdom
• It includes unicellular and prokaryotic organisms without a nucleus
• They have a microscopic size

Bacterial Cell Structure

• Membrane: Controls the of substances passage
• Cell wall: Gives the shape and protects the bacteria
• Capsule: Not present in all bacteria, but it is used to stick to surfaces or other bacteria when present
• Cytoplasm: The fluid inside the cell, where the organelles and genetic material are located
• Flagellum: It is a long extension that allows the movement
• Genetic material: Controls the cell activity
• Ribosomes: Organelles that produce proteins
• Thiomargarita magnifica was discovered by Silvina González Rizzo
• This bacteria is almost 1 cm in size and visible to the naked eye
• Bacteria Types include:
  • Bacilli
  • Cocci
  • Spirilla
  • Vibrio
• They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • Autotrophic bacteria produce their own food from inorganic nutrients
  • Some cyanobacteria produce oxygen, as they perform photosynthesis
    • Heterotrophic bacteria need organic substances from other living things
      • Parasitic bacteria use organic matter produced by other living things and cause harm
      • Symbiotic bacteria live together with other living things and both benefit
      • Decomposer feed on decaying organic matter
• Bacteria reproduce asexually
• Some are pathogens that cause diseases, and others help in digestion or food production
  • Pathogenic bacteria with Salmonella bacteria cause salmonellosis
  • Gut flora is a community of bacteria in the digestive tube
  • Bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus are used to produce yogurt

Protist Kingdom: Protozoa

• All Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified in another kingdom are part of the Protist kingdom
• They can be unicellular or multicellular, with autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition.
• They do not have tissues
• The most important types are the protozoa and algae
• Unicellular organisms with heterotrophic nutrition
• Protozoa can move in different ways:
  • Cilia for movement
  • Flagellum structures used for movement
  • Pseudopodia
• Free-living protozoa exist in aquatic or humid terrestrial environments
• Parasitic protozoa cause serious illnesses in humans

Protist Kingdom: Algae

• Unicellular or multicellular organisms.
• They carry out photosynthesis by autotrophic nutrition.
• Algae are grouped by their photosynthetic pigments:
  • Green Algae - Have chlorophyll
  • Red Algae - Have reddish pigments
  • Brown Algae - Have yellow pigments
• Autotrophic, unicellular or multicellular organisms are also aquatic
• Multicellular ones are not plants because they don't have tissues

Fungi kingdom

• They are eukaryotic organisms, unicellular or multicellular.
• They have heterotrophic nutrition and no tissues.
• This kingdom includes yeasts,moulds and mushrooms
• Multicellular fungi(moulds and mushrooms) vary in size and shape.
• They do not have true tissues
• The cells join together and form filaments called hyphae,
• A network of hyphae is called a mycelium

Classification of Fungi

• Yeasts
  • Unicellular
  • Microscopic
  • They carry out fermentation processes, which are used in the food industry (i.e., making bread or alcohol)
• Moulds
  • Multicellular
  • Their cells form hyphae
  • They are used to make cheese
• Mushrooms
  • Multicellular
  • Mycelium forms a mushroom in the reproductive season to spread the spores.
  • Some are edible, others are poisonous.
• They use organic matter from dead living organisms, releasing mineral substances that can be used again by plants
• In symbiotic association with algae, fungi form lichens that act as natural indicators of air quality
• It has importance of in cuisine like species such as truffles, porcini and field mushroom.
• Yeast is used to make many edible products, including bread.
• In the field of medicine, the fungus Penicillium is used to produce penicillin, one of the most widely used antibiotics
• Allergies appear because people are sensitive to fungi or to the spores that are in the dust in the home
• Mushroom poisoning is harmful or fatal effects by eating a poisonous mushroom, like Amanita phalloides.
• A fungal infection, such as Athlete's foot, is a skin infection caused by a species of fungi, and causes redness and itching between the toes. Because Fungi grow best in moist and warm places, like shoes and socks, swimming pools and gym showers, it is important to protect the feet

Virus

• Not living things.
• Microscopic and smaller than a cell.
• Outside any Kingdom.
• Can't perform the Functions of Live.
• To reproduce they needs invade a cell to make copies of themselves.
• They are not able to reproduce independently
• Their structure is very simple:
  • A capsid, that is the external shell made of protein envelops nucleic acid.
  • Nucleic acid, that Contains genetic information
• Viruses cause diseases in humans that can´t be treated with antibiotics, which only work for bacterial infection