INV 3: Singapore Insolvency: Judicial Management

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Questions and Answers

Under Singapore's Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act (IRDA), which Part specifically governs judicial management?

  • Part 7 (correct)
  • Part 8
  • Part 6
  • Part 5

Judicial management in Singapore was primarily introduced as a response to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis to stabilize financially distressed companies.

False (B)

Explain the dual aims of judicial management in the context of corporate insolvency, as it was originally conceived in Singapore.

Rehabilitation and preservation

In Singapore, judicial management is considered a preferred alternative to __________, positioning the latter as a measure of last resort.

<p>winding up</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the feature of judicial management with its description:

<p>Moratorium = A temporary suspension of legal proceedings and enforcement actions against the company. Judicial Manager = An independent professional appointed to manage the company, replacing the directors. Rehabilitation = The process of restoring the company's financial health and operational viability. Preservation = Maintaining the company's business as a going concern to maximize value for stakeholders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental financial criterion a company must meet to be eligible for judicial management in Singapore?

<p>The company must be either balance sheet or cash flow insolvent, or likely to become so. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To successfully apply for a judicial management order, an applicant must demonstrate with certainty that all three statutory purposes outlined in s89(1)(a)-(c) of the IRDA will be achieved.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three statutory purposes that an applicant must demonstrate are likely to be achieved for a judicial management order to be granted under the IRDA.

<p>Survival of the company as a going concern; Approval of a compromise or arrangement; More advantageous realisation of assets than in winding up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to s91(6) of the IRDA, a court must dismiss a judicial management application if it is opposed by a person entitled to appoint a receiver and manager under a debenture with a floating charge, and if the prejudice to the opposing person is __________ greater than the prejudice to unsecured creditors.

<p>disproportionately</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what specific circumstance, as per s91(10) IRDA, can a court still proceed with appointing judicial managers even when there is opposition from a floating charge holder?

<p>If the court determines it is in the public interest to do so. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Re Cosmotron Electronics (Singapore) Pte Ltd, the High Court ruled in favor of judicial management primarily because it was deemed to be in the public interest to relocate manufacturing assets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key clarification did the High Court provide in Re Bintan Lagoon Resort Ltd regarding the 'public interest' test for judicial management?

<p>The test is not merely if it's in public interest to appoint a JM, but whether public interest in the circumstances <em>requires</em> the appointment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Section 90 IRDA, a judicial management application can be initiated by the company itself via a __________ resolution.

<p>members'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apart from the company itself, which other parties are explicitly authorized under Section 90 IRDA to apply for a court-ordered judicial management?

<p>The directors of the company and any creditor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A judicial management application in Singapore is typically commenced through an informal written request to the High Court.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary document must support a judicial management application to outline the factual and legal basis for the request?

<p>Affidavit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike court-ordered judicial management, voluntary judicial management can be initiated by a __________ resolution at a creditors' meeting, without a court order.

<p>creditors'</p> Signup and view all the answers

In voluntary judicial management, what initial step is typically required before convening a creditors' meeting to approve the process?

<p>A shareholder's resolution to appoint an interim judicial manager. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Any individual can be appointed as a judicial manager, provided they have sufficient business management experience.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to s50 IRDA, what is the essential professional qualification required for an individual to be appointed as a judicial manager in Singapore?

<p>Licensed insolvency practitioner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upon application for judicial management, a statutory __________ is immediately imposed, preventing actions such as winding up resolutions and enforcement of security over company property.

<p>moratorium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT automatically prevented by the statutory moratorium that comes into effect upon a judicial management application?

<p>Enforcing a contractual right of set-off. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The moratorium after a judicial management order is narrower in scope compared to the moratorium that applies immediately upon application.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard initial duration of a judicial management order in Singapore, unless it is discharged earlier?

<p>180 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to s111(3) IRDA, an extension of a JM order beyond the initial period can be approved by a __________ of creditors, without needing a court order.

<p>majority</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered an immediate step a judicial manager must undertake upon appointment?

<p>Implement immediate operational restructuring changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A judicial manager has the power to deal with property held by the company under trust, if necessary, to maximize asset realisation for creditors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation on a judicial manager's power regarding payments, specifically concerning debts incurred before the judicial management period?

<p>Cannot make payments towards discharging pre-JM debts, save as allowed under s99(6) IRDA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A judicial manager must send a statement of proposals to creditors within __________ days from the date of the judicial management order, as per Section 107 IRDA.

<p>90</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under Section 112 IRDA, when is a judicial manager duty-bound to apply to the Court for the discharge of a judicial management order?

<p>If the purpose of the JM order has either been achieved or cannot be achieved. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under s115 IRDA, only the general body of creditors can seek relief from the court if a judicial manager's actions are unfairly prejudicial.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act (IRDA), what condition regarding solvency must a company meet to be eligible for judicial management?

<p>The company must be insolvent or likely to become insolvent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the criteria outlined in s91(6) IRDA, a court is obligated to reject a judicial management application if the prejudice to the opponent is deemed disproportionately greater than that to unsecured creditors, but this obligation is absolute and cannot be overridden under any circumstances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Section 107 of the IRDA, what specific document articulating a strategy to fulfill statutory aims must a judicial manager furnish to creditors, and within what timeframe following the judicial management order must this occur?

<p>Within 90 days of the JM order, a judicial manager must send proposals for achieving one or more of the statutory purposes to creditors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of judicial management under the IRDA, what is the effect of s96(5) on contractual rights of set-off?

<p>It does not affect contractual rights of set-off. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under Singapore's IRDA, once a company is placed under judicial management, the directors retain their powers to make strategic decisions for the company, albeit under the supervision of the judicial manager.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the IRDA, a Court must dismiss a judicial management application if the application is opposed by a person entitled to appoint Receiver and Manager under a debenture secured by a floating charge, and if the prejudice caused to the person opposing is ‘______’ than prejudice caused to unsecured creditors.

<p>disproportionately greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was judicial management introduced in Singapore, inspired by the UK administration regime, as a response to a significant financial crisis?

<p>1987 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the IRDA, an application for judicial management can only be initiated by the company's creditors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Re Bintan Lagoon Resort Ltd, what clarification did the High Court make regarding the test for determining whether to appoint a judicial manager?

<p>The High Court clarified that the test was whether the public interest in the circumstances required the appointment, not merely whether it was in the public interest to appoint a judicial manager.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the IRDA, the moratorium that takes effect after a judicial management order is granted extends to prohibit the right of ________ or ________ under a lease.

<p>re-entry, forfeiture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scenario with the appropriate action to be taken by the judicial manager:

<p>Discovery of critical accounting documents stored at the company's main office. = Secure company premises Understanding the operational challenges and opportunities of the company. = Review company operations Identification of the key personnel vital to the company's day-to-day activities and future prospects. = Meet key employees Guaranteeing that important financial and operational records remain safe and accessible for review. = Take possession of company records</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the functions, powers, and duties of a judicial manager, which of the following actions is explicitly prohibited?

<p>Dealing with property held on trust. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fact that a company is unable to pay its debts is, on its own, sufficient grounds for a court to grant a judicial management order.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what specific condition, as defined by Section 112 of the IRDA, is a judicial manager obligated to petition the Court for the judicial management order to be discharged?

<p>The judicial manager has a duty to apply to Court for the discharge of the judicial management order if it appears to him that the purpose or purposes specified in the order either have been achieved or cannot be achieved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the IRDA, what is the typical duration of a judicial management order from the date it is issued, assuming it is not discharged earlier?

<p>180 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

IRDA Part 7

Part 7 of the Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act.

Court's JM Authority

The court can issue judicial management orders for corporations facing winding up.

JM Primary Aim

To help companies in financial distress recover and protects its business as a going concern.

Creditors' Interests in JM

Creditors fare better under JM than in winding up.

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When to Use JM

Preferred over winding up; winding up is a measure of last resort.

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JM Moratorium Benefit

Stops legal actions, giving the company time for restructuring.

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Directors' Role in JM

Directors' powers shift to judicial managers.

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JM Threshold

Company is insolvent or likely to become so.

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JM Test

The JM order is likely to achieve one of three statutory purposes under the IRDA.

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3 IRDA Statutory Purposes

Survival as a going concern; approval of compromise/arrangement; better asset realisation.

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JM Opposition Rule

Application is dismissed if opposed by floating charge holder and prejudice is disproportionately greater to them.

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Public Interest Override for JM

Court can still appoint JMs.

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IRDA Section 91(10)

Section 91(10) of the IRDA.

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Local JM Cases

Cosmotron and Bintan Lagoon Resort.

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Who Can Apply for JM?

Company, directors, or creditor.

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JM Application Method

Via Originating Application in open court.

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Voluntary JM Entry

New provision: company enters JM via creditors' resolution.

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Judicial Manager Requirements

Must be licensed insolvency practitioner; nominee may be opposed by creditors.

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Effects of JM Application

No winding up resolution; no enforcing charges; no new legal proceedings.

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Expanded Moratorium Extent

Expanded to prohibit re-entry and appointment of receivers.

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Contractual Right of Set-Off

Not affected by moratorium under s96(5) IRDA.

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JM Period Duration

180 days, may be extended by court or creditors.

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Manager's Initial Steps

Take records, secure premises, review operations, meet employees.

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JM Restrictions

Cannot deal with trust property or prepay pre-JM debts.

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Deadline to Send Statement

90 days from JM order.

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JM Discharge Duty

Apply to court to end JM if purpose achieved or unachievable.

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Creditor Relief

Court can grant relief if unfairly prejudicial.

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Judicial Management (JM) Origin

Introduced after the Pan-El financial crisis, this process aims to rescue struggling businesses.

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Cosmotron Case Significance

In Cosmotron, the court possessed a power to enact a JM order due to public interest even if the statutory purposes weren't fully met.

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IRDA Section 90

Under Section 90 of IRDA, the company, directors, or any company creditor can make an application.

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Ministerial Power over Moratorium

Minister can set carveouts by regulations to moratorium under s95(3)(b) and 96(5)(b).

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Bintan Lagoon Clarification

Bintan Lagoon case clarifies that test isn't just about public interest, but the court considering if the public interest requires the appointment.

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IRDA Section 115

Section 115 of the IRDA grants the court the authority to grant relief if a judicial manager has managed the company's affairs unfairly.

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Study Notes

Relevant Legislation

  • Part 7 of the Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act ("IRDA") is relevant legislation
  • The court is granted jurisdiction to issue judicial management orders over any corporation that is liable to be wound up under the IRDA

Aims and Features

  • Rehabilitation and preservation are key aims of judicial management
  • Judicial Management was introduced in 1987, following the Pan-El financial crisis in Singapore
  • Judicial Management is modeled after the UK administration regime
  • The procedure allows companies facing financial difficulties the opportunity to rehabilitate or preserve their business as a going concern
  • The interests of creditors are preserved, as they are potentially better served under Judicial Management than winding up
  • Moratorium against proceedings and enforcement provides the company time and space to formulate restructuring proposal or turnaround its business
  • The directors are replaced by independent professionals, with all director's powers vested in the judicial managers

Insolvency Threshold

  • The company must be either insolvent or likely to become insolvent

Test

  • The applicant must demonstrate that making the order would likely achieve one or more of the 3 purposes in s89(1)(a)-(c) of the IRDA

3 Statutory Purposes

  • Survival of the company, or the whole or part of its undertaking as a going concern
  • The approval of a Section 210 of the Companies Act or s71 IRDA of a compromise or arrangement
  • A more advantageous realization of the company's assets than in a winding up

Opposition to Judicial Management

  • The court must dismiss the JM application if opposed by a person entitled to appoint R&M under a debenture secured by a floating charge and if the prejudice caused to the opposing person is disproportionately greater than the prejudice caused to unsecured creditors as per s91(6) IRDA
  • Subject to s91(10), the Court still has discretion to appoint JMs if public interest requires

Public Interest Exception

  • As per Section 91(10) IRDA, it has the power to make a judicial management order even when a floating charge holder opposes if it's in the public interest

Public Interest Exception - Local Cases

  • Re Cosmotron Electronics (Singapore) Pte Ltd
  • Re Bintan Lagoon Resort Ltd

Re Cosmotron Electronics (Singapore) Pte Ltd

  • The company petitioned for a JM order to facilitate the relocation of manufacturing assets
  • Five creditors holding more than 50% of the company's total debt opposed
  • The High Court found no public interest for a JM order
  • The requirement under S227B(10)(a) of the Companies Act was not one that the applicant needed to satisfy
  • The Court had overriding power to make a JM order due to public interest, even if not satisfied that one or more statutory purposes would be achieved

Re Bintan Lagoon Resort Ltd

  • The High Court clarified that the test was not whether it was in the public interest to appoint a judicial manager, but whether the court considered that the public interest in the circumstances required the appointment

Court-Ordered Judicial Management

  • According to Section 90 IRDA, those that can apply include:
    • The company itself, acting via a member's resolution
    • The directors of the company, acting pursuant to a director's resolution
    • Any creditor of the company

Procedure

  • The application is done by way of Originating Application (in open court)
  • It must be supported by an affidavit setting out the grounds of the application

Voluntary Judicial Management

  • A new provision allows a company to be placed into JM by a creditors' resolution at a creditors' meeting, without a Court Order
  • This process involves a shareholders' resolution and appointment of an interim judicial manager, as detailed in s94 and 95 of the IRDA.

Appointment of Judicial Manager

  • The appointed manager must be a licensed insolvency practitioner
  • Their requirements are detailed at s50 IRDA
  • The company's nominee may be opposed by creditors

Effects of JM Application

  • The statutory moratorium means that:
    • No resolution shall be passed for the winding up of the company
    • No steps shall be taken to enforce any charge or security over the company's property
    • No other proceedings and no execution or other legal process shall be commenced or continued except with leave of Court, as per Section 95 IRDA

Moratorium After JM Order

  • The expanded moratorium, detailed under Section 96(4), applies until discharge of the JM Order
  • The moratorium extends to prohibit the right of re-entry or forfeiture under a lease and the appointment of receivers or managers
  • The R&M must vacate & winding up application dismissed
  • Note: s95(3)(b) and 96(5)(b) IRDA notes that the Minister can prescribe by regulations certain carveouts to the moratorium

Contractual Right of Set-Off

  • The contractual right of set-off is not affected by a moratorium under s96(5) IRDA
  • The relevant cases include:
    • Electro Magnetic (S) Ltd v DBS
    • Altus Technology Pte Ltd (under judicial management) v OCBC

Period of JM

  • A JM order, unless discharged, remains in force for 180 days from the making of the order
  • May be extended by court
  • Note: s111(3) IRDA allows extension of JM order by approval of creditors by majority in number and value in writing or at a meeting, without court order

Functions, Powers, and Duties of Judicial Manager

  • As detailed in Section 99 IRDA and the First Schedule, immediate steps include:
    • Taking possession of company records
    • Securing company premises
    • Reviewing company operations
    • Meeting key employees

Judicial Manager Restrictions

  • Judicial Manager cannot deal with property held on trust
  • They cannot make any payment towards discharging any debt incurred prior to judicial management, save as allowed under s99(6) IRDA

Statement of Proposals

  • As per Section 107 IRDA, these proposals are for achieving one or more of the statutory purposes
  • Must be sent to creditors within 90 days from JM order

Discharge

  • Section 112 IRDA notes the duty to apply to Court for the discharge of the judicial management order if it appears to him that the purpose or purposes specified in the order either have been achieved or cannot be achieved

Protection of Creditors

  • Section 115 IRDA Act specifies that the Court may grant relief if the judicial manager has managed the company's affairs in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to:
    • The creditors or members generally
    • Some part of the creditors or members
    • A single creditor representing at least one quarter in value of debt of the company

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