Silk Road, Colonialism, Slave Trade

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary goal of mercantilist economic policies during the age of exploration and colonization?

To increase national wealth by exporting more than importing and accumulating precious metals.

What were the major motivations behind European exploration during the 15th and 16th centuries?

Economic gain (new trade routes, resources), political ambition (expanding empires), and religious zeal (spreading Christianity).

How did the Treaty of Tordesillas influence the division of newly discovered lands during the Age of Exploration?

It divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain, establishing spheres of influence.

Describe the main exchanges that occurred during the Columbian Exchange, naming at least one item that went from the Old World to the New World, and vice versa.

<p>The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases. From Old World to New: horses; from New World to Old: potatoes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose and the main characteristics of the Spanish Encomienda system in the Americas?

<p>It was a labor system granting Spanish settlers the right to extract labor and tribute from the local indigenous population. It was characterized by exploitation and forced labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the triangular trade impact the economies and societies of Europe, Africa, and the Americas?

<p>It enriched Europe with resources/markets, devastated African societies through the slave trade, and transformed the Americas into plantation economies dependent on slave labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the accumulation of gold and silver play in mercantilist economic policies during the early modern period?

<p>Accumulation of gold/silver was a primary goal, believed to be a direct measure of national wealth and power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did mercantilism lead to increased competition and conflict between European powers during the age of exploration?

<p>Mercantilism fostered competition for colonies and resources, leading to trade wars and other conflicts as nations sought to maximize their own wealth at the expense of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the underlying causes that led to the Opium Wars between China and Western powers during the 19th century?

<p>The opium trade; Britain and other Western powers forcing China to accept opium imports to address trade imbalances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you define protectionist trade policies?

<p>Government-imposed tariffs and subsidies to promote domestic industries and limit foreign competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the long-term effects of the Encomienda system on land tenure and social structures in the Americas.

<p>It created a legacy of unequal land distribution and social hierarchies that favored Spanish colonizers and disadvantaged indigenous populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contributed to the shift in the source of enslaved people from various regions to primarily Africa during the slave trade era?

<p>Increased demand for labor in the Americas, combined with the development of established trade routes/networks along African coasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did abolitionist movements contribute to the end of the slave trade in different parts of the world?

<p>They raised awareness about the brutality of slavery, lobbied governments to pass laws against it, and organized resistance to the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made the conditions on the 'Middle Passage' so horrific?

<p>Overcrowding, disease, starvation, brutality, and lack of sanitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thinking about its geographical location, why was Portugal one of the first European countries to engage in widespread exploration?

<p>Its location on the Iberian Peninsula/Atlantic coast provided access to maritime routes and proximity to Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the key resources and goods that Europeans sought to obtain through exploration and colonization?

<p>Spices, precious metals, raw materials (timber, sugar, cotton, etc.), and new trade routes to Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the slave trade affect demographic patterns and social structures in African societies?

<p>It led to population decline, gender imbalances, increased conflict, and the disruption of traditional social hierarchies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategies did mercantilist governments use to establish colonies that would benefit the mother country economically?

<p>Imposing trade restrictions, extracting raw materials, creating captive markets for manufactured goods, and preventing colonial industries from competing with those in the mother country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main consequences of the Opium Wars for China in terms of its sovereignty and relationship with Western powers?

<p>Loss of sovereignty, forced trade concessions, territorial concessions, and unequal treaties that favored Western powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did political ambitions to expand empires and gain strategic advantages lead to conflict during the Age of Exploration?

<p>Competition for territory, resources, and trade routes led to wars and rivalries between European powers, as they sought to assert their dominance and control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What was the Silk Road?

A network facilitating trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia.

What was the Age of Exploration?

A historical period marked by exploration of the oceans

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A treaty dividing newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World.

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What was the Encomienda System?

A labor system granting Spanish settlers the right to extract labor and tribute from indigenous people.

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What was the Triangular Trade?

A complex trading system involving the exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

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What is Mercantilism?

An economic policy where governments regulate trade to increase national wealth.

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What were the Opium Wars?

Conflicts between China and Western powers triggered by the opium trade.

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What motivated European exploration?

Economic factors, political ambitions, and religious zeal.

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What was the Encomienda System Impact?

Exploitation of indigenous populations and social hierarchies favoring Spanish colonizers.

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What are the principles of Mercantilism?

Accumulation of gold and silver reserves, protectionist trade policies, and establishment of colonies.

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Study Notes

  • The Silk Road facilitated trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia.

European Exploration and Colonization

  • Driven by the desire to explore the oceans.
  • Portugal and Spain competed for dominance, leading to significant maritime discoveries.
  • The Treaty of Tordesillas divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain.
  • The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (Americas).

The Spanish Encomienda System

  • A labor system that granted Spanish settlers the right to extract labor and tribute from the local indigenous population.

The Slave Trade

  • Initially, enslaved people were sourced from various regions, it later focused on Africa.
  • It involved numerous countries and had profound demographic, economic, and social consequences in Africa, the Americas, and Europe.
  • The trade eventually faced abolitionist movements, leading to its gradual end in different parts of the world.

The Triangular Trade

  • A complex trading system involving the exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas such as slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods.

Mercantilism

  • An economic policy where governments regulated trade to increase national wealth, aiming to export more than import and accumulated precious metals.

The Opium Wars

  • Conflicts between China and Western powers (primarily Britain) in the mid-19th century.
  • It was triggered by the opium trade.

European Exploration Motivations

  • Economic factors like the search for new trade routes and resources.
  • Political ambitions to expand empires and gain strategic advantages.
  • Religious zeal to spread Christianity.

Encomienda System Impact

  • Exploitation and mistreatment of indigenous populations.
  • Social hierarchies favoring Spanish colonizers.
  • Long-term effects on land tenure and social structures.

Slave Trade History

  • Evolved over centuries with different forms and participants.
  • It was driven by demand for labor in the Americas.
  • It had devastating effects on African societies.

Mercantilism Principles

  • Accumulation of gold and silver reserves.
  • Protectionist trade policies like tariffs and subsidies.
  • Establishment of colonies to provide raw materials and markets.

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