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Questions and Answers
Hvad kendetegner aktive sensorer i forhold til passive sensorer?
Hvad kendetegner aktive sensorer i forhold til passive sensorer?
Aktive sensorer kræver en ekstern strømkilde, mens passive sensorer ikke har brug for ekstern energi.
Hvordan beskriver en transferfunktion forholdet mellem input og output i et system?
Hvordan beskriver en transferfunktion forholdet mellem input og output i et system?
En transferfunktion viser, hvordan systemet behandler et signal og hvordan forskellige frekvenser og amplituder påvirker systemets respons.
Hvad er et vigtigt formål med den inverse af en transferfunktion?
Hvad er et vigtigt formål med den inverse af en transferfunktion?
Den inverse transferfunktion bruges til at rekonstruere inputsignal og kompensere for systemets forvrængninger.
Nævn tre forskellige typer funktioner, som en transferfunktion kan have.
Nævn tre forskellige typer funktioner, som en transferfunktion kan have.
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Hvad indebærer linearisering af en transferfunktion?
Hvad indebærer linearisering af en transferfunktion?
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Hvilken type kalibrering involverer fysisk justering af komponenter?
Hvilken type kalibrering involverer fysisk justering af komponenter?
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Hvad betyder sensitivitet i konteksten af sensorer?
Hvad betyder sensitivitet i konteksten af sensorer?
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Hvad er hysteres i forbindelse med sensorer?
Hvad er hysteres i forbindelse med sensorer?
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Hvad betyder sensitivitet i forhold til sensorer?
Hvad betyder sensitivitet i forhold til sensorer?
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Forklar begrebet hysteres i sammenhæng med sensors respons.
Forklar begrebet hysteres i sammenhæng med sensors respons.
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Hvad er mætning i relation til sensorer?
Hvad er mætning i relation til sensorer?
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Hvad refererer til opløsning, når vi taler om sensorer?
Hvad refererer til opløsning, når vi taler om sensorer?
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Hvordan fungerer en resistiv sensor?
Hvordan fungerer en resistiv sensor?
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Hvilke faktorer definerer modstanden i et kabel?
Hvilke faktorer definerer modstanden i et kabel?
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Hvad er den piezoelektriske effekt?
Hvad er den piezoelektriske effekt?
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Hvordan fungerer en strainsensor?
Hvordan fungerer en strainsensor?
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Forklar forskellen mellem NTC og PTC termistorer.
Forklar forskellen mellem NTC og PTC termistorer.
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Hvordan fungerer et termoelemen?
Hvordan fungerer et termoelemen?
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Hvad er princippet bag en Wheatstone-bro?
Hvad er princippet bag en Wheatstone-bro?
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Hvordan fungerer en instrumentforstærker?
Hvordan fungerer en instrumentforstærker?
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Definer kapacitans.
Definer kapacitans.
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Hvilke faktorer påvirker kapacitansen i en pladekondensator?
Hvilke faktorer påvirker kapacitansen i en pladekondensator?
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Hvordan fungerer en kapacitiv fugtighedssensor?
Hvordan fungerer en kapacitiv fugtighedssensor?
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Hvordan fungerer en kondensatormikrofon?
Hvordan fungerer en kondensatormikrofon?
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Hvordan omdanner en mikrofon lydbølger til elektriske signaler?
Hvordan omdanner en mikrofon lydbølger til elektriske signaler?
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Hvad er forskellen mellem en kapacitiv og en dynamisk mikrofon?
Hvad er forskellen mellem en kapacitiv og en dynamisk mikrofon?
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Hvad beskriver retningskarakteristikken for en mikrofon?
Hvad beskriver retningskarakteristikken for en mikrofon?
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Hvordan fungerer en kapacitiv touchskærm?
Hvordan fungerer en kapacitiv touchskærm?
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Hvad er princippet i MEMS-teknologi?
Hvad er princippet i MEMS-teknologi?
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Hvilken metode bruges ofte i MEMS accelerometre til at måle acceleration?
Hvilken metode bruges ofte i MEMS accelerometre til at måle acceleration?
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Hvad betyder frekvensrespons i forhold til mikrofoner?
Hvad betyder frekvensrespons i forhold til mikrofoner?
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Hvilke fordele har kapacitive touchskærme sammenlignet med andre typer skærme?
Hvilke fordele har kapacitive touchskærme sammenlignet med andre typer skærme?
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Study Notes
Signals and Statistics (Lecture 1)
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Aktive vs. passive sensorer: Active sensors need external power; passive sensors do not.
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Transferfunktion: A transfer function describes the relationship between input and output of a system, showing how the system processes signals. It's used to analyze how different frequencies, amplitudes, or signal changes affect the system's response.
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Inverse transferfunktion: Useful for reconstructing the input signal from the output, compensating system distortions, and optimizing system design.
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Typer af transferfunktioner: Linear (y = kx), exponential (y = e^{kx}), logarithmic (y = k ln(x)), and non-linear (combinations of functions, e.g., polynomials).
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Linearisation: Simplifying a complex, non-linear function to a linear function within a specific operating range. This is used to make calculations and analyses easier and faster, especially in control systems and sensors.
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Kalibreringstyper: Grinding (physical adjustment of components), trimming (adjusting electric/mechanical properties), and calculation of the transfer function (mathematical methods to define the relationship between input and output).
Resistive Sensors (Lecture 3)
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Resistive sensor: A sensor that changes its electrical resistance in response to a physical input (e.g., pressure, temperature, deformation).
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Kabelparametre (L, A, T): These determine a cable's resistance:
- L (cable length): Longer cables = higher resistance.
- A (cross-sectional area): Larger areas = lower resistance.
- T (temperature): Affects the cable's resistivity, usually higher resistance at higher temperatures.
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Sensitivitet: How well a sensor reacts to small input changes.
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Hysteresis: Difference in sensor response when input increases versus decreases.
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Mætning: Point where a sensor can no longer measure changes in input.
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Opløsning: Smallest measurable change in input.
Piezoelektrisk Effekt
- Direkte effekt: Mechanical pressure → Electrical voltage.
- Omvendt effekt: Electrical voltage → Mechanical strain.
- Materialer: Some materials (e.g., quartz crystals) exhibit this effect.
Strainsensor
- Princippet: Measures mechanical deformation (strain).
- Funktion: Resistance changes proportionally with strain.
FSR (Force-Sensitive Resistor) og FSC (Force-Sensing Capacitor)
- FSR: Resistor whose value changes with force application. Use in applications requiring light pressure (e.g., touchscreens, medical equipment).
- FSC: Capacitor whose capacitance changes with force. More precise than FSR, used in more advanced/technical applications.
Temperatursensorer/Temperatursensorer
- Termistorer: Resistance changes with temperature. NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) resistance decreases with temperature; PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) resistance increases with temperature.
- Thermoelementer: Two different metals joined at ends; a temperature difference creates a voltage. Fast response in wide temperature ranges.
- Pyroelektriske sensorer: Generate an electrical charge in response to changes in infrared radiation. This is useful in presence/absence of heat monitoring or thermal imaging.
Kapacitive og induktive sensorer
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Kapacitans: A component's ability to store an electrical charge when there's a voltage difference across its terminals, measured in farads (F).
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Pladekondensator parametre: Capacitance depends on:
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Area of the plates.
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Distance between the plates.
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Dielectric constant of the material between the plates.
Mikrofontyper
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Kondensatormikrofon: High sensitivity, broad frequency response, delivers detailed sound. Requires a power source ("phantom power").
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Dynamisk mikrofon: Robust, inexpensive, doesn't need external power, has limited frequency response.
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Båndmikrofon: Warm, natural sound, especially good for acoustic instruments, limited frequency response, more fragile than other types.
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Kulstofmikrofon: Simple, inexpensive, not ideal for speech or music recording.
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Piezoelektrisk mikrofon: Sensitive to vibrations, and robust, but not ideal for speech.
MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)
- Princippet: Combining microscale mechanical components with electronic circuits on a single chip, enabling applications as accelerometers.
Hvordan bruges MEMS i accelerometre?
- Kapacitiv målemetode: Moving mass changes its position compared to fixed electrodes when acceleration is applied, modifying the capacitance. This change is measured to determine acceleration.
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Description
Denne quiz dækker emner fra den første lecture om signaler og statistik. Vi vil udforske aktive og passive sensorer, transferfunktioner, samt forskellige typer af transferfunktioner og linearisering. Forståelse af kalibreringstyper vil også blive diskuteret.