Signal Transduction Pathways & Genomic Effects
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a chemical messenger in cellular communication?

  • Growth factors
  • Light (correct)
  • Ions
  • Odorants

    • Which type of messenger can diffuse across the plasma membrane and interact with cytosolic or nuclear receptors?

  • Chemical messengers
  • Hydrophobic messengers (correct)
  • Secondary messengers
  • External messengers

    • What is the main function of cell surface receptors in cellular communication?

  • Trigger secondary events
  • Mobilize intracellular second-messenger systems
  • Ensure tight control of cell's response
  • Receive chemical messengers (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of a cell or tissue that produces hormones, despite not being classically thought of as endocrine in nature?

    <p>Salivary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of intercellular communication mentioned in the text?

    <p>Synaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?

    <p>To degrade acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of extracellular signaling molecule mentioned in the text?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a receptor in cell signaling?

    <p>To bind to the ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane signaling molecule acts as an enzyme or part of an enzymatic complex when activated by a ligand?

    <p>Catalytic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane signaling molecule is located in the cytosol or nucleus and functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor?

    <p>Nuclear receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane signaling molecule alters the ion permeability of a cell by transiently opening its channel upon binding of a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of membrane signaling molecule works indirectly through a heterotrimeric G protein to activate or inactivate a separate membrane-associated enzyme or channel?

    <p>G protein–coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism by which cells can directly communicate with each other?

    <p>Interaction of ligands with receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of second messengers in cell signaling?

    <p>To amplify signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a second messenger cascade?

    <p>Increased intracellular concentration of cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do second-messenger systems allow specificity and diversity in cell signaling?

    <p>By producing distinct responses in different cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of ligand binding to a receptor?

    <p>Termination of the response by feedback mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gap junctions in cell-to-cell communication?

    <p>Facilitate the passage of inorganic ions and small molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological importance of modulation of gap junction permeability?

    <p>Toxicity prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of β-catenin in adhering junctions?

    <p>Regulation of transcription of multiple genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about ligand-gated ion channels?

    <p>They open and close by binding to a site on the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

    <p>A single polypeptide chain with seven membrane-spanning alpha-helical segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stoichiometry of the nicotinic ACh receptor (AChR)?

    <p>2:1:1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G proteins?

    <p>To interact with downstream effector proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunits of the βγ complex are involved in anchoring the complex to the membrane?

    <p>α and γ subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunit of the βγ complex is held to the membrane by a myristyl or a palmitoyl group?

    <p>α subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunit of the βγ complex is held to the membrane by a prenyl group?

    <p>γ subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunits of the βγ complex interact with different receptors and effectors?

    <p>α, β, and γ subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many combinations of the known α, β, and γ subunits are there?

    <p>Several hundred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G proteins?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

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