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Questions and Answers
What is a consequence of the permanent activation of HER2 in breast cancer?
What is a consequence of the permanent activation of HER2 in breast cancer?
- Inhibition of cell growth
- Increased apoptosis
- Unregulated cell division (correct)
- Decreased cell division
How does Lapatinib affect HER2 in breast cancer treatment?
How does Lapatinib affect HER2 in breast cancer treatment?
- It permanently activates the HER2 receptor
- It inhibits phosphorylation of the HER2 receptor (correct)
- It enhances receptor auto-phosphorylation
- It blocks HER2 gene expression
What percentage of human breast cancers is associated with the permanent activation of HER2?
What percentage of human breast cancers is associated with the permanent activation of HER2?
- 10 percent
- 20 percent
- 40 percent
- 30 percent (correct)
What is the effect of Lapatinib on tumor growth in breast cancer patients?
What is the effect of Lapatinib on tumor growth in breast cancer patients?
What is the mechanism by which HER2 contributes to breast cancer progression?
What is the mechanism by which HER2 contributes to breast cancer progression?
What is the main function of the drugs that bind to the GABAA receptor–chloride channel complex?
What is the main function of the drugs that bind to the GABAA receptor–chloride channel complex?
Which ion channels are classified as voltage-gated according to the content?
Which ion channels are classified as voltage-gated according to the content?
What differentiates the action of drugs that bind to the GABAA receptor?
What differentiates the action of drugs that bind to the GABAA receptor?
Which of the following statements about voltage-gated channels is correct?
Which of the following statements about voltage-gated channels is correct?
How do the drugs that interact with the GABAA receptor affect GABA's physiological role?
How do the drugs that interact with the GABAA receptor affect GABA's physiological role?
What is the primary role of signal transduction cascades in pharmacology?
What is the primary role of signal transduction cascades in pharmacology?
How do intracellular signaling pathways affect cellular responses?
How do intracellular signaling pathways affect cellular responses?
Which statement accurately describes the function of cascades in relation to receptor binding?
Which statement accurately describes the function of cascades in relation to receptor binding?
What effect do signal transduction cascades have on drug effectiveness?
What effect do signal transduction cascades have on drug effectiveness?
What is the relationship between receptor binding and the number of signals produced by cascades?
What is the relationship between receptor binding and the number of signals produced by cascades?
What is the primary function of nuclear receptors?
What is the primary function of nuclear receptors?
Which of the following biological processes are nuclear receptors involved in regulating?
Which of the following biological processes are nuclear receptors involved in regulating?
Nuclear receptors can be described as which of the following?
Nuclear receptors can be described as which of the following?
In which domain of biology do nuclear receptors primarily operate?
In which domain of biology do nuclear receptors primarily operate?
What is one of the consequences of nuclear receptor activation?
What is one of the consequences of nuclear receptor activation?
What role does the activated G-protein serve in cellular signaling?
What role does the activated G-protein serve in cellular signaling?
What is a defining characteristic of the family of transmembrane receptors mentioned?
What is a defining characteristic of the family of transmembrane receptors mentioned?
Why is the specific extracellular domain important for G-protein coupled receptors?
Why is the specific extracellular domain important for G-protein coupled receptors?
Which statement best describes the G-protein-binding site of the receptors?
Which statement best describes the G-protein-binding site of the receptors?
What is the primary function of the seven transmembrane domains in these receptors?
What is the primary function of the seven transmembrane domains in these receptors?
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Study Notes
Signal Transduction Cascades
- Cascades amplify the signal of a drug.
- They produce multiple intracellular signals for every receptor bound.
- These cascades are also called intracellular signalling pathways.
GABA Receptor
- Drugs that bind to these receptors facilitate the opening of the chloride channel by GABA.
- This binding site is distinct from the GABA binding site.
Voltage-gated Channels
- There are many isoforms of voltage-gated channels, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride.
G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
- These receptors are a large family of transmembrane receptors with seven transmembrane domains.
- Each GPCR has a specific extracellular domain and G-protein binding site.
- Upon activation, the G-protein interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane.
HER2 Receptor
- In 30% of human breast cancers, the HER2 receptor is permanently activated, leading to unregulated cell division.
- The drug lapatinib inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase auto-phosphorylation, reducing tumor growth by 50%.
Nuclear Receptors
- These receptors are factors that regulate complex regulatory networks.
- They play a role in important biological processes, including:
- Cell proliferation
- Metabolism
- Immunity
- Development
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