Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which term describes the phenomenon where the number of activated participants in a signal transduction pathway increases at each step?
Which term describes the phenomenon where the number of activated participants in a signal transduction pathway increases at each step?
- Signal amplification (correct)
- GTPase activation
- Amplification switch
- Phosphorylation cascade
What type of proteins play important roles in intracellular signal transduction by being active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP?
What type of proteins play important roles in intracellular signal transduction by being active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP?
- Kinases
- Adenylyl cyclases
- Hormone receptors
- GTPase switch proteins (correct)
Which proteins promote the exchange of GTP for GDP and activate GTPases?
Which proteins promote the exchange of GTP for GDP and activate GTPases?
- Kinases
- GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)
- Adenylyl cyclases
- Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) (correct)
What do kinases use to phosphorylate amino acid sidechains in target proteins?
What do kinases use to phosphorylate amino acid sidechains in target proteins?
Which type of proteins stimulate the rate of GTP hydrolysis to GDP and inactivate GTPases?
Which type of proteins stimulate the rate of GTP hydrolysis to GDP and inactivate GTPases?
What is estimated to be the overall amplification associated with epinephrine signaling?
What is estimated to be the overall amplification associated with epinephrine signaling?
Which type of signaling pathways are often referred to as amplification cascades?
Which type of signaling pathways are often referred to as amplification cascades?
What is the function of hormone-activated GPCRs in epinephrine signaling?
What is the function of hormone-activated GPCRs in epinephrine signaling?
What is the role of an orthosteric ligand in GPCR signaling?
What is the role of an orthosteric ligand in GPCR signaling?
How many distinct GPCRs have had their crystal structures solved so far?
How many distinct GPCRs have had their crystal structures solved so far?
Which subfamily do all the four classes A–C, and F belong to?
Which subfamily do all the four classes A–C, and F belong to?
What is the primary outcome of binding of a ligand to a GPCR?
What is the primary outcome of binding of a ligand to a GPCR?
In GPCR signaling, what happens when a GPCR binds a G protein?
In GPCR signaling, what happens when a GPCR binds a G protein?
What does IC PAM refer to in the context of GPCR crystal structures?
What does IC PAM refer to in the context of GPCR crystal structures?
What is the function of a GPCR as a GEF?
What is the function of a GPCR as a GEF?
What is the main outcome of ligand binding in G-protein receptor activation?
What is the main outcome of ligand binding in G-protein receptor activation?
What is the primary role of bound GTP in G-protein receptor activation?
What is the primary role of bound GTP in G-protein receptor activation?
Which type of GPCR has seven transmembrane helices?
Which type of GPCR has seven transmembrane helices?
What type of ligands are shown as purple sticks in the representative structures?
What type of ligands are shown as purple sticks in the representative structures?
What do the prenyl groups -3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl represent in the context of GPCR?
What do the prenyl groups -3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl represent in the context of GPCR?
In which class of nonrhodopsin GPCRs is the representative structure A2A AR found?
In which class of nonrhodopsin GPCRs is the representative structure A2A AR found?
What differentiates class A/Rhodopsin family GPCRs from other classes?
What differentiates class A/Rhodopsin family GPCRs from other classes?
What is the role of helix VIII in GPCRs?
What is the role of helix VIII in GPCRs?
Which class of nonrhodopsin GPCR does the representative structure SMO belong to?
Which class of nonrhodopsin GPCR does the representative structure SMO belong to?
What type of ligands are shown as blue stick models in the representative structures?
What type of ligands are shown as blue stick models in the representative structures?
What is the composition of class B GPCRs?
What is the composition of class B GPCRs?
What is the overall amplification associated with epinephrine signaling estimated to be?
What is the overall amplification associated with epinephrine signaling estimated to be?
What is the primary role of guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) in intracellular signal transduction?
What is the primary role of guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) in intracellular signal transduction?
Which proteins play important roles in intracellular signal transduction by being active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP?
Which proteins play important roles in intracellular signal transduction by being active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP?
What is the function of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) in the regulation of signaling ON/OFF?
What is the function of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) in the regulation of signaling ON/OFF?
Which proteins use ATP to phosphorylate amino acid sidechains in target proteins?
Which proteins use ATP to phosphorylate amino acid sidechains in target proteins?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family consists of hundreds of receptors and has a 7-transmembrane (7TM) structure in the membrane?
Which type of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family consists of hundreds of receptors and has a 7-transmembrane (7TM) structure in the membrane?
Which type of ligand is represented by purple sticks in the representative structures of GPCRs?
Which type of ligand is represented by purple sticks in the representative structures of GPCRs?
What is the role of helix VIII in GPCRs?
What is the role of helix VIII in GPCRs?
In GPCR signaling, what happens when a GPCR binds a G protein?
In GPCR signaling, what happens when a GPCR binds a G protein?
What do the prenyl groups -3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl represent in the context of GPCR?
What do the prenyl groups -3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl represent in the context of GPCR?
What is the primary outcome of binding of a ligand to a GPCR?
What is the primary outcome of binding of a ligand to a GPCR?
Which class of nonrhodopsin GPCR does the representative structure SMO belong to?
Which class of nonrhodopsin GPCR does the representative structure SMO belong to?
In which part of the cell membrane are nonrhodopsin GPCRs typically located?
In which part of the cell membrane are nonrhodopsin GPCRs typically located?
What is the primary challenge in elucidating GPCR structures?
What is the primary challenge in elucidating GPCR structures?
In Class A GPCRs, what structural change occurs when a ligand binds?
In Class A GPCRs, what structural change occurs when a ligand binds?
What kind of conformations are shown in Figure 6 representing structural rearrangements during GPCR activation?
What kind of conformations are shown in Figure 6 representing structural rearrangements during GPCR activation?
What are the distinct regions of the GPCR highlighted in Figure 6 for differences in helix position and side-chain orientation?
What are the distinct regions of the GPCR highlighted in Figure 6 for differences in helix position and side-chain orientation?
What characterizes the transmembrane domain of the GPCR?
What characterizes the transmembrane domain of the GPCR?
What does TM6 do when a ligand binds in Class A receptors?
What does TM6 do when a ligand binds in Class A receptors?
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