Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes a chemical change compared to a physical change?
What characterizes a chemical change compared to a physical change?
- It does not involve a change in energy.
- It can be easily reversed.
- It produces a new substance. (correct)
- It involves a change in state of matter.
Which type of mixture is characterized by uniform composition throughout?
Which type of mixture is characterized by uniform composition throughout?
- Homogeneous mixture (correct)
- Colloid
- Suspension
- Heterogeneous mixture
Which property of elements remains constant across isotopes of the same element?
Which property of elements remains constant across isotopes of the same element?
- Number of neutrons
- Atomic mass
- Number of protons (correct)
- Number of electrons
What is the main distinction between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table?
What is the main distinction between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table?
What identifies elements belonging to group 6A on the periodic table?
What identifies elements belonging to group 6A on the periodic table?
What occurs during the formation of a cation from a metal?
What occurs during the formation of a cation from a metal?
Which of the following statements about the octet rule is true?
Which of the following statements about the octet rule is true?
What distinguishes covalent compounds when naming them?
What distinguishes covalent compounds when naming them?
According to modern atomic theory, what is true about electrons?
According to modern atomic theory, what is true about electrons?
When naming a transitional metal that forms multiple cations, how should it be denoted in its name?
When naming a transitional metal that forms multiple cations, how should it be denoted in its name?
Which unit is not commonly used for measuring volume in the SI system?
Which unit is not commonly used for measuring volume in the SI system?
Which statement about significant figures is correct?
Which statement about significant figures is correct?
In dimensional analysis, which of the following is a valid application?
In dimensional analysis, which of the following is a valid application?
Which of the following best describes the properties of gases?
Which of the following best describes the properties of gases?
What is the correct way to round an answer when adding numbers with different decimal places?
What is the correct way to round an answer when adding numbers with different decimal places?
When converting a number into scientific notation, which of the following is correct?
When converting a number into scientific notation, which of the following is correct?
Which statement accurately describes the arrangement of molecules in a liquid state?
Which statement accurately describes the arrangement of molecules in a liquid state?
Which expression correctly represents density in terms of mass and volume?
Which expression correctly represents density in terms of mass and volume?
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about states of matter?
Which of the following is an incorrect statement about states of matter?
How should you name the acid formed from the ion Cl-?
How should you name the acid formed from the ion Cl-?
In a balanced chemical equation, what does the yield sign indicate?
In a balanced chemical equation, what does the yield sign indicate?
Which type of reaction is characterized by two compounds exchanging components to form two new compounds?
Which type of reaction is characterized by two compounds exchanging components to form two new compounds?
What is true about the law of conservation of mass during a chemical reaction?
What is true about the law of conservation of mass during a chemical reaction?
How would you categorize a reaction that produces a gas as a final product?
How would you categorize a reaction that produces a gas as a final product?
Which of the following indicates that a redox reaction has occurred?
Which of the following indicates that a redox reaction has occurred?
Which of the following is NOT a correct naming convention for acids derived from polyatomic ions?
Which of the following is NOT a correct naming convention for acids derived from polyatomic ions?
In a precipitation reaction, what is typically observed?
In a precipitation reaction, what is typically observed?
What must be true for a single replacement reaction to occur?
What must be true for a single replacement reaction to occur?
Which of the following statements accurately describes all solids?
Which of the following statements accurately describes all solids?
Which of the following correctly explains density?
Which of the following correctly explains density?
What is the correct process to convert 0.00345 into scientific notation?
What is the correct process to convert 0.00345 into scientific notation?
When performing multiplication using significant figures, how should the final answer be rounded?
When performing multiplication using significant figures, how should the final answer be rounded?
Which option represents a property of liquids?
Which option represents a property of liquids?
How do trailing zeros affect the significance of a number such as 1500?
How do trailing zeros affect the significance of a number such as 1500?
In dimensional analysis, which of the following is NOT true?
In dimensional analysis, which of the following is NOT true?
Which of the following represents the conversion of 25 grams to kilograms?
Which of the following represents the conversion of 25 grams to kilograms?
What defines the arrangement of particles in gases?
What defines the arrangement of particles in gases?
What is the correct name for H2SO4?
What is the correct name for H2SO4?
In balancing chemical equations, which condition must be met?
In balancing chemical equations, which condition must be met?
What suffix is used when naming acids derived from -ite ions?
What suffix is used when naming acids derived from -ite ions?
Which type of reaction is most likely to produce a solid as a product?
Which type of reaction is most likely to produce a solid as a product?
What does the yield sign in a chemical equation indicate?
What does the yield sign in a chemical equation indicate?
What is the primary driving force behind a gas evolution reaction?
What is the primary driving force behind a gas evolution reaction?
How are single replacement reactions predicted to occur?
How are single replacement reactions predicted to occur?
When changing the name of an acid from an -ate ion, what suffix replaces -ate?
When changing the name of an acid from an -ate ion, what suffix replaces -ate?
Which statement is true about oxidation and reduction in redox reactions?
Which statement is true about oxidation and reduction in redox reactions?
Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?
Which of the following best explains what happens during a chemical change?
Which of the following best explains what happens during a chemical change?
What is true about isotopes of a given element?
What is true about isotopes of a given element?
In the context of the periodic table, where are nonmetals predominantly located?
In the context of the periodic table, where are nonmetals predominantly located?
What characteristic distinguishes a homogeneous mixture or solution from a heterogeneous mixture?
What characteristic distinguishes a homogeneous mixture or solution from a heterogeneous mixture?
What identifies the main components of the atom as described by modern atomic theory?
What identifies the main components of the atom as described by modern atomic theory?
How do valence electrons determine the chemical behavior of an element?
How do valence electrons determine the chemical behavior of an element?
What is the correct way to name a covalent compound composed of two nonmetals?
What is the correct way to name a covalent compound composed of two nonmetals?
Which statement about the octet rule is incorrect?
Which statement about the octet rule is incorrect?
When naming ionic compounds involving transitional metals, which is true?
When naming ionic compounds involving transitional metals, which is true?
What is the primary difference in properties between a pure element and a compound?
What is the primary difference in properties between a pure element and a compound?
What is the primary method used to convert one unit to another in dimensional analysis?
What is the primary method used to convert one unit to another in dimensional analysis?
When adding numbers with different decimal places, which rule should be applied?
When adding numbers with different decimal places, which rule should be applied?
Which of the following statements about density is accurate?
Which of the following statements about density is accurate?
Which scenario requires the use of significant figures when presenting an answer?
Which scenario requires the use of significant figures when presenting an answer?
Which property best describes the particles in a solid state of matter?
Which property best describes the particles in a solid state of matter?
How would you convert a measurement of 1500 mL into liters using dimensional analysis?
How would you convert a measurement of 1500 mL into liters using dimensional analysis?
In scientific notation, how should the number 0.00045 be expressed?
In scientific notation, how should the number 0.00045 be expressed?
What defines a liquid's ability to take the shape of its container while maintaining a definite volume?
What defines a liquid's ability to take the shape of its container while maintaining a definite volume?
What is the correct way to determine the number of significant figures in the measurement 0.020300?
What is the correct way to determine the number of significant figures in the measurement 0.020300?
What is the primary reason elements in the same group on the periodic table exhibit similar properties?
What is the primary reason elements in the same group on the periodic table exhibit similar properties?
Which statement accurately describes ionic bonding?
Which statement accurately describes ionic bonding?
What describes the valence electron configuration for elements in Group 4A (14)?
What describes the valence electron configuration for elements in Group 4A (14)?
Which of the following correctly identifies the term for atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons?
Which of the following correctly identifies the term for atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons?
What is the correct name for the acid that forms from H3PO4?
What is the correct name for the acid that forms from H3PO4?
Which of the following reactions can be classified as both a combustion reaction and a redox reaction?
Which of the following reactions can be classified as both a combustion reaction and a redox reaction?
What does the plum pudding model suggest about the structure of an atom?
What does the plum pudding model suggest about the structure of an atom?
Which group on the periodic table is characterized by elements that typically form +2 cations?
Which group on the periodic table is characterized by elements that typically form +2 cations?
Which component must be present in a balanced chemical equation?
Which component must be present in a balanced chemical equation?
What represents a key feature of homogeneous mixtures?
What represents a key feature of homogeneous mixtures?
What type of reaction is primarily characterized by the formation of a solid from an aqueous solution?
What type of reaction is primarily characterized by the formation of a solid from an aqueous solution?
Which acid would form from the nitrite ion, NO2-?
Which acid would form from the nitrite ion, NO2-?
What is the correct use of subscripts in chemical formulas?
What is the correct use of subscripts in chemical formulas?
Which of the following indicates a reduction in a redox reaction?
Which of the following indicates a reduction in a redox reaction?
What defines the octet rule in chemistry?
What defines the octet rule in chemistry?
Which of these pairs correctly associates the reaction type with its definition?
Which of these pairs correctly associates the reaction type with its definition?
In naming covalent compounds, what is the rule regarding prefixes?
In naming covalent compounds, what is the rule regarding prefixes?
What suffix change occurs when naming the acid derived from sulfate ions?
What suffix change occurs when naming the acid derived from sulfate ions?
When balancing chemical equations, what is necessary to maintain the law of conservation of mass?
When balancing chemical equations, what is necessary to maintain the law of conservation of mass?
Which of the following reactions is an example of a gas evolution reaction?
Which of the following reactions is an example of a gas evolution reaction?
What is the correct suffix to use when naming an acid derived from the anion sulfurite (SO3^2-)?
What is the correct suffix to use when naming an acid derived from the anion sulfurite (SO3^2-)?
Which reaction type is characterized by a single element replacing another in a compound?
Which reaction type is characterized by a single element replacing another in a compound?
When balancing a chemical equation, which principle must always be observed?
When balancing a chemical equation, which principle must always be observed?
What is formed in a reaction where an acid reacts with a base?
What is formed in a reaction where an acid reacts with a base?
Which type of reaction generates one or more gaseous products during the process?
Which type of reaction generates one or more gaseous products during the process?
What is the primary feature that distinguishes a precipitation reaction?
What is the primary feature that distinguishes a precipitation reaction?
In a redox reaction, which term describes the substance that loses electrons?
In a redox reaction, which term describes the substance that loses electrons?
Which of the following is an example of an -ate ion turning into an acid?
Which of the following is an example of an -ate ion turning into an acid?
Which of the following describes what a yield sign indicates in a chemical equation?
Which of the following describes what a yield sign indicates in a chemical equation?
What prefix is added to the anion root when naming an acid derived from hydrochloric acid?
What prefix is added to the anion root when naming an acid derived from hydrochloric acid?
What characterizes heterogeneous mixtures compared to homogeneous mixtures?
What characterizes heterogeneous mixtures compared to homogeneous mixtures?
Which statement is accurate regarding valence electrons in group 3A elements?
Which statement is accurate regarding valence electrons in group 3A elements?
How do isotopes of an element primarily differ from one another?
How do isotopes of an element primarily differ from one another?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metals?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of metals?
What is the expected charge of an ion formed by elements in group 5A?
What is the expected charge of an ion formed by elements in group 5A?
In a covalent compound, how is the second element typically named?
In a covalent compound, how is the second element typically named?
What fundamental idea about atoms is NOT supported by modern atomic theory?
What fundamental idea about atoms is NOT supported by modern atomic theory?
Which of the following exceptions to the octet rule involves holding more than 8 valence electrons?
Which of the following exceptions to the octet rule involves holding more than 8 valence electrons?
Which is the correct sequence of historical figures in atomic theory development regarding the atomic model?
Which is the correct sequence of historical figures in atomic theory development regarding the atomic model?
What determines the number of energy shells in elements from the same period on the periodic table?
What determines the number of energy shells in elements from the same period on the periodic table?
Which statement regarding the significance of zeros in significant figures is incorrect?
Which statement regarding the significance of zeros in significant figures is incorrect?
When converting 0.00045 into scientific notation, what is the correct representation?
When converting 0.00045 into scientific notation, what is the correct representation?
Which of the following best describes the physical characteristics of solids?
Which of the following best describes the physical characteristics of solids?
In dimensional analysis, which of the following statements is false?
In dimensional analysis, which of the following statements is false?
What is the correct unit for measuring density?
What is the correct unit for measuring density?
Which option represents a correct conversion factor for converting kilograms to grams?
Which option represents a correct conversion factor for converting kilograms to grams?
How should you round your answer when multiplying two numbers with 3 and 4 significant figures?
How should you round your answer when multiplying two numbers with 3 and 4 significant figures?
Which state of matter exhibits properties such as having no definite volume and taking the shape of its container?
Which state of matter exhibits properties such as having no definite volume and taking the shape of its container?
Which of the following descriptions about liquids is not accurate?
Which of the following descriptions about liquids is not accurate?
When conducting dimensional analysis, which of the following is essential to include in calculations?
When conducting dimensional analysis, which of the following is essential to include in calculations?
Which of the following statements correctly defines density?
Which of the following statements correctly defines density?
Which of the following conversions represents the conversion of 1500 milliliters to liters?
Which of the following conversions represents the conversion of 1500 milliliters to liters?
What is the correct way to convert the number 0.00456 into scientific notation?
What is the correct way to convert the number 0.00456 into scientific notation?
When adding two numbers, how should you round the answer if one number has two decimal places and the other has three?
When adding two numbers, how should you round the answer if one number has two decimal places and the other has three?
Which of the following properties describes the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Which of the following properties describes the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Which is the correct naming convention for an acid derived from the ion SO4^2-?
Which is the correct naming convention for an acid derived from the ion SO4^2-?
What term is used to describe the substances that are produced in a chemical reaction?
What term is used to describe the substances that are produced in a chemical reaction?
When balancing a chemical equation, what does the law of conservation of mass state?
When balancing a chemical equation, what does the law of conservation of mass state?
Which type of chemical reaction involves one element replacing another in a compound?
Which type of chemical reaction involves one element replacing another in a compound?
In an acid-base neutralization reaction, what are the typical products formed?
In an acid-base neutralization reaction, what are the typical products formed?
What indicates a reduction reaction has occurred in a redox reaction?
What indicates a reduction reaction has occurred in a redox reaction?
Which force primarily drives a precipitation reaction?
Which force primarily drives a precipitation reaction?
What defines a compound in chemistry?
What defines a compound in chemistry?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the properties of isotopes?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the properties of isotopes?
In the periodic table, where are metalloids typically located?
In the periodic table, where are metalloids typically located?
What is the significance of subscripts in a chemical formula?
What is the significance of subscripts in a chemical formula?
Which group on the periodic table contains the alkaline earth metals?
Which group on the periodic table contains the alkaline earth metals?
What describes a heterogeneous mixture?
What describes a heterogeneous mixture?
Which of the following is true regarding metal ions formed by group 1 elements?
Which of the following is true regarding metal ions formed by group 1 elements?
What is the primary outcome of the formation of covalent compounds?
What is the primary outcome of the formation of covalent compounds?
What does the octet rule state about atoms during bonding?
What does the octet rule state about atoms during bonding?
Who proposed the plum pudding model of the atom?
Who proposed the plum pudding model of the atom?
Which of the following is an example of a diatomic molecule found in nature?
Which of the following is an example of a diatomic molecule found in nature?
What phenomenon occurs during a chemical reaction that results in the release of energy as heat, light, or gas?
What phenomenon occurs during a chemical reaction that results in the release of energy as heat, light, or gas?
Which of the following elements is found in group 7A of the periodic table?
Which of the following elements is found in group 7A of the periodic table?
Which statement is correct about the number of energy shells in the elements of the same period of the periodic table?
Which statement is correct about the number of energy shells in the elements of the same period of the periodic table?
Which chemical reaction type involves two compounds exchanging parts and forming two new compounds?
Which chemical reaction type involves two compounds exchanging parts and forming two new compounds?
Which statement correctly describes the process of balancing chemical equations?
Which statement correctly describes the process of balancing chemical equations?
In an acid/base neutralization reaction, which of the following products is typically formed?
In an acid/base neutralization reaction, which of the following products is typically formed?
What indicates a substance is oxidized in a redox reaction?
What indicates a substance is oxidized in a redox reaction?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between density, mass, and volume?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between density, mass, and volume?
When performing dimensional analysis, which of the following is the correct approach to convert units?
When performing dimensional analysis, which of the following is the correct approach to convert units?
Which statement about significant figures is true when multiplying two numbers that include different amounts of significant figures?
Which statement about significant figures is true when multiplying two numbers that include different amounts of significant figures?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the physical properties of solids?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the physical properties of solids?
In the context of scientific notation, what does the correct conversion of the number 0.00456 look like?
In the context of scientific notation, what does the correct conversion of the number 0.00456 look like?
Which condition must be satisfied when adding or subtracting numbers involving significant figures?
Which condition must be satisfied when adding or subtracting numbers involving significant figures?
What is true about the arrangement of particles in gases?
What is true about the arrangement of particles in gases?
What is a defining characteristic of a compound?
What is a defining characteristic of a compound?
Which of the following elements is an example of a diatomic molecule in its pure form?
Which of the following elements is an example of a diatomic molecule in its pure form?
What common property do isotopes of the same element share?
What common property do isotopes of the same element share?
What rule explains why elements will tend to bond to achieve 8 valence electrons?
What rule explains why elements will tend to bond to achieve 8 valence electrons?
How are the layered energy levels of electrons in an atom best described?
How are the layered energy levels of electrons in an atom best described?
Which metal is known to form only one type of cation?
Which metal is known to form only one type of cation?
Within the periodic table, where are metals predominantly located?
Within the periodic table, where are metals predominantly located?
What type of mixture has a uniform composition throughout?
What type of mixture has a uniform composition throughout?
Which statement about valence electrons is true about representative elements?
Which statement about valence electrons is true about representative elements?
In naming covalent compounds, what rule is followed regarding the prefixes?
In naming covalent compounds, what rule is followed regarding the prefixes?
Flashcards
SI Units
SI Units
Standard units used for measuring various physical quantities in science.
Density
Density
Mass per unit volume.
Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Analysis
Method of problem-solving using conversion factors to change units.
Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation
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Significant Figures
Significant Figures
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Solid
Solid
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Liquid
Liquid
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Gas
Gas
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Physical Properties
Physical Properties
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Conversion Factor
Conversion Factor
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What is an acid?
What is an acid?
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How are acids named?
How are acids named?
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What is a chemical equation?
What is a chemical equation?
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What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
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Why do we balance chemical equations?
Why do we balance chemical equations?
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What is a synthesis reaction?
What is a synthesis reaction?
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What is a decomposition reaction?
What is a decomposition reaction?
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What is a single replacement reaction?
What is a single replacement reaction?
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What is a double replacement reaction?
What is a double replacement reaction?
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What is a combustion reaction?
What is a combustion reaction?
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What is a chemical change?
What is a chemical change?
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What is a physical change?
What is a physical change?
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What is an element?
What is an element?
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What is a compound?
What is a compound?
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What is a mixture?
What is a mixture?
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What is a heterogeneous mixture?
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
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What is a homogeneous mixture?
What is a homogeneous mixture?
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What are valence electrons?
What are valence electrons?
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What is the octet rule?
What is the octet rule?
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What is an ion?
What is an ion?
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What is density?
What is density?
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What are SI units?
What are SI units?
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What is dimensional analysis?
What is dimensional analysis?
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What is scientific notation?
What is scientific notation?
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What are significant figures?
What are significant figures?
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How are significant figures used in calculations?
How are significant figures used in calculations?
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What is a physical property?
What is a physical property?
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What is the difference between a solid, liquid, and gas?
What is the difference between a solid, liquid, and gas?
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What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
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What is a Chemical Formula?
What is a Chemical Formula?
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Synthesis Reaction
Synthesis Reaction
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Decomposition Reaction
Decomposition Reaction
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Single Replacement Reaction
Single Replacement Reaction
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Double Replacement Reaction
Double Replacement Reaction
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Combustion Reaction
Combustion Reaction
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Solid vs. Liquid vs. Gas
Solid vs. Liquid vs. Gas
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What does it mean for a zero to be significant?
What does it mean for a zero to be significant?
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How to add or subtract with sig figs?
How to add or subtract with sig figs?
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How to multiply or divide with sig figs?
How to multiply or divide with sig figs?
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Physical vs. Chemical Changes
Physical vs. Chemical Changes
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Element
Element
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Compound
Compound
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Mixture
Mixture
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Heterogeneous Mixture
Heterogeneous Mixture
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Homogeneous Mixture
Homogeneous Mixture
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What does (aq) mean?
What does (aq) mean?
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How do you name an acid?
How do you name an acid?
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Mass
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What is a conversion factor?
What is a conversion factor?
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How to add/subtract with sig figs?
How to add/subtract with sig figs?
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How to multiply/divide with sig figs?
How to multiply/divide with sig figs?
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What is a solid?
What is a solid?
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Physical Change
Physical Change
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Chemical Change
Chemical Change
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What are reactants?
What are reactants?
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What are products?
What are products?
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What is the yield sign?
What is the yield sign?
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Adding or Subtracting with Sig Figs
Adding or Subtracting with Sig Figs
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Acid Nomenclature
Acid Nomenclature
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Polyatomic Acid Naming
Polyatomic Acid Naming
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Chemical Equation
Chemical Equation
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Balancing Chemical Equations
Balancing Chemical Equations
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Diatomic Molecules
Diatomic Molecules
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What is a solution?
What is a solution?
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What is an element symbol?
What is an element symbol?
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What is an atomic number?
What is an atomic number?
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What is the atomic mass?
What is the atomic mass?
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What is an isotope?
What is an isotope?
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Metals and Nonmetals
Metals and Nonmetals
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What are groups and periods on the periodic table?
What are groups and periods on the periodic table?
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Octet rule
Octet rule
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Study Notes
SI Units and Conversions
- SI units measure volume, mass, temperature, length, time, density, and moles.
- Density equals mass divided by volume.
- Mass units include grams and kilograms.
- Volume units include liters, cm³, and centiliters.
- Density units are mass units divided by volume units.
- Conversion factors are used in dimensional analysis for unit conversions.
- Dimensional analysis converts units using conversion factors.
- Problems may involve converting SI units of mass, temperature, and volume.
Scientific Notation and Significant Figures
- Convert numbers to and from scientific notation.
- Significant figures rules:
- All non-zero digits are significant.
- Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
- Zeros in front of non-zero digits are not significant.
- Trailing zeros are significant if a decimal point is present.
- Rounding in addition/subtraction: use the least number of decimal places.
- Rounding in multiplication/division: use the least number of significant figures.
- Units in answers and calculations are essential.
States of Matter and Changes
- Solids: Definite volume and shape; particles closely packed together.
- Liquids: Definite volume, takes the shape of the container; particles closely packed but not connected and vibrating.
- Gases: No definite volume or shape; particles have no attraction for one another. Gases take the shape of their container.
- Physical Change: No new substance formed; properties like color or state may change. Example: color change or change of state.
- Chemical Change: New substance(s) formed; evidenced by light, heat, gas, bubbles, color change.
Types of Matter
- Elements: Pure substance composed of identical atoms; found on the periodic table. Some exist as diatomic molecules (Hâ‚‚, Nâ‚‚, Fâ‚‚, Oâ‚‚, Iâ‚‚, Clâ‚‚, Brâ‚‚).
- Compounds: Pure substance of different elements chemically bonded; separated by chemical means.
- Mixtures: Physical combination of two or more elements/compounds.
- Heterogeneous: Varying in composition.
- Homogeneous: Uniform throughout; also known as solutions (solute dissolved in solvent).
Elements, Atoms, and Isotopes
- Element Symbols: Represent elements in chemical formulas, with subscripts indicating the number of atoms.
- Atoms:
- Nucleus contains protons and neutrons; majority of the atom's mass.
- Electrons surround the nucleus; negligible mass.
- Atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons.
- Atomic mass (rounded) = number of protons + number of neutrons.
- Isotopes: Atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons; same atomic number, different atomic mass.
Periodic Table
- Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids: Classify elements; most elements are metals; metals on left, nonmetals on right, metalloids on/below staircase (aluminum (Al) is a metal). Hydrogen has one valence electron, so it's in group 1.
- Groups (Families): Vertical columns with similar properties; same number of valence electrons. Group names (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, boron family, carbon family, nitrogen family, oxygen family, halogens, noble gases).
- Periods: Horizontal rows; same number of electron shells.
- Valence Electrons: Electrons in outermost shell; determine bonding behavior.
Modern Atomic Theory
- Democritus: First described atoms (indivisible particles).
- Dalton: Developed atomic theory: matter composed of atoms; atoms cannot be created/destroyed; atoms of same element are identical; atoms combine to form compounds.
- Thomson: Discovered the electron; plum pudding model.
- Rutherford: Discovered the nucleus; atom mostly empty space; gold foil experiment.
- Bohr: Electrons orbit the nucleus at specific energy levels.
- Wave-Mechanical Model: Electrons exist in orbitals, not specific orbits.
Formation of Ions and the Octet Rule
- Metals: Lose electrons to form positively charged cations.
- Nonmetals: Gain electrons to form negatively charged anions.
- Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outermost electron shell (8 valence electrons); hydrogen (H) and boron (B) are exceptions, where expanded valence allows more than 8.
Naming Compounds
- Ionic Compounds: Name metal cation first, then nonmetal anion (transition metals use Roman numerals for charge; exceptions: silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn)).
- Covalent Compounds: Use prefixes showing number of atoms of each element; lower group number element first, or higher period element if both in same group, secondary element ends in "ide."
- Acids: Formed from hydrogen + nonmetal or polyatomic anion in water:
- Binary acids: "hydro-" prefix, "-ic" ending (e.g., hydrochloric acid).
- Oxyacids: "-ate" or "-ite" suffix affects "ic" or "ous" ending (e.g., sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid).
Chemical Equations and Reactions
- Reactants: Starting substances.
- Products: Resulting substances.
- Yield Sign: Indicates reaction direction.
- Law of Conservation of Mass: Atoms conserved during reactions; equations must be balanced.
- Reaction Types: Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Replacement, Double Replacement, Combustion.
- Balancing equations is crucial.
- Predict products based on reaction types.
- Activity series is used for single displacement reactions.
- Various chemical equation types (molecular, complete ionic, net ionic)
- Reaction driving forces: formation of a solid (precipitation), formation of water (neutralization), transfer of electrons (redox reactions), formation of a gas.
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Description
Test your understanding of SI units, conversions, scientific notation, and significant figures. This quiz covers key concepts such as density calculations, converting measurements, and the rules governing significant figures. Challenge yourself with practical examples and problem-solving scenarios.
