Neuro 1 - credit test
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Questions and Answers

CT angiography of cerebral blood vessels is indicated in case of:

  • Subarachnoid bleeding - together with ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack and cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage (correct)
  • Epidural bleeding - CT, MRI, EEG
  • Meningitis or encephalitis
  • Subdural bleeding

CT angiography of cerebral blood vessels is contraindicated in:

  • Patients with allergy to gadolinium
  • Pregnancy (correct)
  • Patients with large intracranial aneurysm
  • Patients with intracerebral bleeding

Mark the correct statement regarding digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

  • Does not ruse any radiation during the examination
  • During examination no contrast agent is used
  • It is non-invasive cerebrovascular imaging method
  • It is an invasive imaging method, which uses a contrast agent directly administered into arterial blood vessels (correct)

Mark a false statement regarding CT angiography

<p>Not recommended in patients with ischemic stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement regarding digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

<p>It is a diagnostic and therapeutic method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement about MR angiography (MRA)

<p>Does not use radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During MRA - MR angiography

<p>For more detailed blood vessel visualization, gadolinium may be used (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MR angiography is absolutely contraindicated in:

<p>Patients with implanted steel material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which EEG finding supports epileptic origin of paroxysmal loss of consciousness (epileptic seizure)?

<p>Spike-wave complexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EMG (electromyography): nerve conduction studies - NCS show

<p>In the case of a demyelinating-axonal lesion, a slowing down of the conduction velocity of a given part of nerve and a normal amplitude of the action potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EMG (electromyography) in NCS (nerve conduction studies) show:

<p>In the case of an axonal lesion, we find the normal conduction velocity of a given part of the nerve and a decrease in the amplitude of the action potential of the responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EMG (electromyography) in NCS (nerve conduction studies) show:

<p>In the case of a demyelinating lesion of the peripheral nerve, a slowing down of the conduction velocity of a given part of the nerve and a normal amplitude of the action potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Central (upper) motoneuron lesion is characterized by:

<p>Hypereflexia of tendon reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glasgow coma scale evaluates:

<p>Eye-opening, verbal, motor responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EMG (electromyography) - NCS (nerve conduction studies) show:

<p>Are used to measure action potentials abnormalities after stimulation of peripheral nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EMG (electromyography) is an examination method that allows to locate a lesion:

<p>In muscle or spinal cord, spinal root, plexus, and peripheral nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EMG (electromyography) - needle EMG:

<p>We insert a needle into the muscle and then observe observe spontaneous muscle activity, in the next step voluntary activity (muscle contraction) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement for needle EMG (electromyography):

<p>Needle is inserted into the particular muscle and spontaneous resting and voluntary activity of supplied muscle is observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If pathological spontaneous activity is detected in the examined muscle by needle EMG (electromyography):

<p>It means a myasthenic syndrome with a decrement of the amplitude of action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EMG (electromyography) - needle EMG method: What do we observe in a case of myopathy?

<p>A myopathic pattern as shortening the duration of the action potential of motor units and decreasing the amplitude of the response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement for EMG:

<p>Myopathic pattern means reduced duration of motor unit's action potentials and decreased amplitude of a motor response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct statement for needle EMG (electromyography) finding in case of myopathy:

<p>Denervation potentials called fibrillation or fasciculations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct statement:

<p>Spinal cord lesion can be manifested by contralateral hemiparesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evoked potentials - BAEP (Brainstem auditory EP) are used for:

<p>Detection of conduction disturbances in the auditory tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evoked potentials - BAEP are used for:

<p>The detection of auditory (hearing) pathway disorders - in brainstem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evoked potentials: using SEP (somatosensory EP) we investigate:

<p>The function of the sensitive pathway on its part of the peripheral nerve, spinal roots, spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evoked Potentials - SEP:

<p>Median nerve and tibial posterior nerve stimulation is the most often used in practice SEP evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evoked potentials - SEP are used for examination:

<p>Of sensitivity pathway ranging from the peripheral nerve, spinal roots, spinal dorsal columns, brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral parietal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of the investigation of evoked potentials (EP) is:

<p>Registration of the nerve impulse propagation along a certain neural path, it is a response of nerve to a precisely defined stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

VEP - Visual evoked potentials:

<p>Physiological finding after eye stimulation is a complex of three waves N-P-N, of which the most important is the latency of the wave P100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

VEP - visual evoked potentials are mainly used for:

<p>Detection of disorders of the optic pathway, especially part of the optic nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

VEP - visual evoked potentials are mainly used for:

<p>Detection of anterior and posterior visual pathway disorder. Mainly in optic nerve disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

VEP - Visual evoked potentials (incomplete question)

<p>Stimulating the eye uses a structured trigger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperproteinorachia:

<p>Can be present in patients with meningoencephalitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Main indications of cerebrospinal fluid analysis:

<p>Autoimmune encephalitis, meningeal carcinomatosis. multiple sclerosis, myelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diseases lead to the positive intrathecal synthesis of Ig-G:

<p>Multiple sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct answer about Spectophotometric analysis of CSF:

<p>It detects the presence of blood in cerebrospinal fluid (SAH - Subarachnoid Hemorrhage) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the incorrect answer about MRI:

<p>It is more sensitive than CT, in depicting bone tissue pathology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct answer about CSF examination:

<p>CSF examination is indicated in patients with suspicion of demyelinating disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about MRI?

<p>It is more sensitive in depicting soft tissue pathology, in comparison with CT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct answer about MRI:

<p>Brain MRI of patients with multiple sclerosis shows T2/FLAIR hyper intense lesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the incorrect answer about MRI:

<p>Brain MRI of patients with multiple sclerosis shows T1 hyper intense lesions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can we see on plane X-Ray?

<p>Bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct answer about psychogenic movement disorders:

<p>Physiotherapy might help (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRI:

<p>Displays demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRI:

<p>In T2 imaging visualizes hyper intense demyelinating lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRI is the first method of choice in:

<p>Diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke (1st multiple sclerosis) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct answer:

<p>CSF is displayed as hyperintense on T2-weighted MR image (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the incorrect statement about sonography of extracranial vessels:

<p>It is not used for diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement about B-mode sonography of extra cranial vessels:

<p>It can depict structures under the probe based on reflected ultrasound waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vertebral arteries:

<p>They divert from subclavian artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about transcranial sonography of cerebral arteries?

<p>The examination is carried out through the so-called acoustic bone windows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

We routinely do not use duplex ultrasound exam of extra cranial blood vessels in:

<p>Control exam of patients after carotid artery stoning or carotid endarterectomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Duplex USG examination of extra cranial brain vessels is not commonly used for:

<p>Patient with hemorrhagic stroke (Bain hemorrhage) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Duplex ultrasound examination of extracranial blood vessels is contraindicated:

<p>Ultrasound has no contraindications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Duplex sonography of extracranial brain vessels is contraindicated in:

<p>No significant contraindications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which from the following statements is true considering Duplex ultrasound examination of extracranial vessels?

<p>Usage of B-mode and Doppler mode for display (of blood vessels) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement is true considering duplex ultrasound examination of extra cranial vessels?

<p>It uses B mode and Doppler mode for display of blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Routinely we use ultrasound examination in diagnosis of

<p>Cerebrovascular diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carotid sonography cannot reveal

<p>Presence of a soft atherosclerotic plaque in the cervical part of internal carotid artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical features of NREM sleep are not:

<p>Rapid eye movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical features of REM sleep are:

<p>Muscle atonia, saw tooth waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical feature of NREM sleep are

<p>Sleeping (slow wave, deep-delta sleep) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epidural bleeding on CT is seen as:

<p>Hyperdense biconvex lens-like shape lesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about brain ischemia on CT?

<p>In acute stage, brain ischemia is hyperdense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysdiadochokinesis means

<p>Problem with rapid alternating movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of cerebellar dysfunction?

<p>Rigidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cerebellar dysfunction may present with:

<p>Gait with narrow basis and decreased armswing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of neocerebellar syndrome?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of neocerebellar syndrome?

<p>Trunk assynergy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with cerebellar dysfunction typically fall:

<p>Backwards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysmetria means

<p>Problem with aiming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neocerebellum includes:

<p>Cerebellar hemispheres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lesions of vermis will be primarily related to ataxia of:

<p>Standing and walking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement:

<p>The internal carotid artery divides into the middle cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement about common carotid artery:

<p>It is a direct branch of aortic arch on the left side (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true?

<p>Right common carotid artery diverges directly from brachiocephalic trunk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway crosses in the area of central spinal canal (comissura alba anterior)?

<p>Pathway for temperature (lateral spinothalamic tract) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neuropathic pain:

<p>Can appear in lesions of both the central and peripheral nervous systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neuropathic pain

<p>Anticonvulsant and antidepressant have fine effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnoses are presented by meningeal syndrome? (which disorder)

<p>Subarachnoidal bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isolated defect in deep sensitivity occurs within

<p>Lession of posterior columns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An abnormal painful sensitive perception is called:

<p>Dysesthesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradikynesia means:

<p>Slowness of movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parkinsonian syndrome is:

<p>Bradykinesia in combination with rigidity and/or resting tremor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical sign of parkinsonian syndrome is:

<p>Resting tremor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical tremor in Parkinsons disease is (typical temporal Parkinsons disease is):

<p>Resting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true for rigidity?

<p>Rigidity worsens with co-activation of contralateral limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incorrect about rigidity?

<p>Depends on velocity of a passive movement of a limb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Upper brainstem lesion is manifested as:

<p>Deficit of both sensation modalities on contralateral half of body and homolateral half of the face (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is pathognomonic for functional tremor?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following belongs to hyperkinetic movement disorders?

<p>Myoclonus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypokinetic movement disorder is:

<p>Parkinsonism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chorea is:

<p>An involuntary unpredictable complex hyperkinetic movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chorea is defined as:

<p>Complex involuntary, often twisting movements that do not have a typical pattern and are unpredictable movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age is autoimmune chorea typical for?

<p>Late adulthood - median age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common genetic disorder primarily associated with chorea is:

<p>Huntington's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements isNOT true for freezing in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Freezing of gait is often not very responsive to dopaminergic medication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postural and kinetic tremor is most commonly associated with:

<p>Essential tremor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Key clinical feature of Parkinson's disease (present in 100% of patients is):

<p>Bradykinesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intentional tremor is typical for:

<p>Cerebellar dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In lesion of left CNII it is:

<p>On the left side is not present direct FR and on the right side is not present consensual FR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In lesion of right n.III

<p>On the right side is not present direct FR and on the left side is present consensual FR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete oculomotor nerve (n.III) palsy on the left side is manifested with:

<p>Absence of direct pupillary light reaction on the left eye (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oculomotor nerve palsy on left side manifestations

<p>Indirect light reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is used for objective measurement of hearing impairment?

<p>Audiometric examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cochlear nerve lesion is manifested by:

<p>Hearing deficit - from hypoacusis to anacusis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If we find a smooth nasolabial line on one side during a neurological examination of the facial nerve innervation and a drop of mouth angle it means:

<p>Central type of facial nerve (n. VII) lesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vestibular ataxia in the peripheral vestibular syndrome:

<p>The patient has tonic deviations of the limbs on the side of the affected vestibular apparatus, it is also called &quot;vestibular harmonic syndrome&quot; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vestibular (n.VIII) nerve:

<p>Conducts information from receptors in the labyrinth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vestibular nerve:

<p>Leads informations from receptoric organ (labyrinth) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the facial nerve (n.VII) lesions, innervation of facial muscles, upper branch, is clinically manifested by:

<p>Inability to close the eye, raise eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead on the side of the lesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Facial nerve (VII) lesion - peripheral type is manifested with:

<p>Inability to wrinkle the forehead, raise the eyebrows and close the eye, there is a drop of mouth angle and the perception of taste may also be reduced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The facial nerve (n.VII) innervates or Facial nerve (n. VII) innervates:

<p>Taste ipsilaterally, anterior two thirds of the tongue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tongue is innervated by the Facial nerve (n. VII) regarding the taste?

<p>Ipsilateral anterior two thirds of a tongue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The facial nerve (n. VII) is a mixed nerve and contains fibers:

<p>Sensory for taste, vegetative (salivation, tearing), motor innervating face and sensitive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the vestibular nerve manifests as:

<p>Nausea, vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus and vestibular ataxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lesion to the XII. cranial nerve on the left side manifests as:

<p>Hypotrohpy and paralysis of the left half of the tongue, tip of tongue deviates to left side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of bulbar paralysis in the brain, lesion is located:

<p>In medulla oblongata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose the correct statement about vagus nerve:

<p>It carries the parasympathetic fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral palsy is characterized by:

<p>Fasciculations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral palsy is characterized by:

<p>Hyporeflexia/areflexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark incorrect statement about plegia:

<p>It is a partial loss of a muscle's strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Body of the upper motor neuron lies in:

<p>Precentral gyrus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paraparesis/ paraplegia means the weakness of:

<p>Lower limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemiparesis/hemiplegia means the weakness of

<p>Right/left limbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark incorrect statement about spasticity:

<p>Deep brain stimulation is therapy of a choice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signs of inferior alternating hemiparesis (Jackson's syndrome) include:

<p>Protruded tongue deviating to ipsilateral side of the lesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signs upper alternating hemiparesis (Weber's syndrome) include:

<p>Flaccid hemiparesis on the limbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ptosis is present in:

<p>nIII (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Divergent stabism is present in lesion of or divergent strabism:

<p>n III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Convergent strabismus is present in lesion of:

<p>n VI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peripheral lesion of n.VII cranial nerve is present in:

<p>It does not occur with any syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Weber's syndrome is also known as:

<p>Superior alternating hemiplegia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inferior alternating hemiplegia is called:

<p>Jackson II syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of following findings is present in inferior alternating hemiplegia?

<p>Protruded tongue is deviated to ipsilateral side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of following findings is NOT present in inferior alternating hemiplegia?

<p>Protruded tongue is deviated to contralateral side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Weber 's syndrome, the lesion is located in:

<p>Midbrain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Weber's syndrome is characterized by

<p>Ipsilateral nerve III. palsy and contralateral hemiparesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Occipital brain herniation (occipital conus):

<p>Occurs when frontal lobe moves down into the foramen magnum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transtentorial brain herniation (temporal conus)

<p>Is manifested by loss of the consciousness and ipsilateral mydriasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temporal (uncal, transtentorial) herniation manifests with:

<p>Anisocoria: mydriasis of ipsilateral pupil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intracranial hypertension syndrome is associated with:

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause intracranial hypertension syndrome?

<p>Brain abscess and brain tumour (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct answer:

<p>Meningeal syndrome can be present in patients with subarachnoidal bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lesion of half of the spinal cord (right or left) at the level of the spinal cord segment C3, is manifested by:

<p>Spastic hemiparesis ipsilaterally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilateral pyramid tract lesion in C3 level of spinal cord presents with:

<p>Spastic quadruparesis/quadruplegia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Half spinal cord lesion in C3 presents with:

<p>Ipsilateral spastic hemiparesis and respiratory problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A lesion of half of the spinal cord (right or left) at the Th8 spinal cord segment is manifested by:

<p>Sensitivity disturbance below the lesion site ipsilaterally for superficial and less also for deep sensitivity and LL monoparesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A complete transversal spinal cord lesion at the level of the C2-3 segment is manifested by:

<p>Flaccid quadruparesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bulbar syndrome manifests with:

<p>Dysarthria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Half spinal cord lesion (right or left) at the level of the C5 spinal cord segment is manifested by:

<p>Ipsilateral hemiparesis, flaccid or mixed in UL, spastic in LL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of complete transversal spinal cord lesion in level C5 which of following CANNOT be present:

<p>Quadriparesis - flaccid of mixed on upper limbs, spastic on lower limb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding C5 radiculopathy, which of the following statements is correct?

<p>Pain is localized to the lateral aspect of arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A complete transversal spinal cord lesion at the level of Th10 segment is manifested by:

<p>Disorder of sphincter control disorder of superficial sensitivity below the lesion on both sides and paraparesis of LL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of half spinal cord (right or left) lesions in Th10 level, which of the following is not present?

<p>Superficial ipsilateral sensation deficit below the lesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transversal completa spinal cord lesion at the level of L3 segment does NOT present:

<p>Spastic paraparesis of lower limbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is not used for diagnosis of:

<p>Source of epidural bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of half spinal cord lesion in level of L2 segment, which of following is correct?

<p>Ipsilateral flaccid monoparesis of lower limb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement is not true (DSA- digital subtraction angiography)?

<p>In DSA, commonly through femoral a., diagnostic catheter is inserted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Digital substracción angiography (DSA) is:

<p>Invasive diagnostic method of brain arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which finding does not belong to ictal/interictal epileptic abnormality?

<p>Generalized discharges of spike-wave complexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The EMG (electromyography) method, called STEMG (repetitive nerve stimulation EMG), is used in a case of suspected:

<p>Myasthenic syndrome - there is pathological decrement of the action potential amplitudes in the repeated muscle response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evoked potentials: BAEP (Brainstem auditory EP) - the most common pathological findings are:

<p>Complete absence of some evoked response (wave), or prolonged latency of wave I., III. or V. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct answer

<p>CSF flows from the third ventricle through cerebral aqueduct into th fourth ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct answer:

<p>Lymphocytic pleocytosis is present predominantly in patients with viral meningitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brain MRI is essential in diagnosis of or Brain MRI is the first choice for:

<p>Multiple sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement regarding Doppler effect:

<p>If the blood moves towards the probe, the frequency of the reflected wave decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the incorrect statement regarding Doppler effect:

<p>If the blood moves away from the probe, the frequency of the reflected wave decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brain CT is NOT a method of choice in:

<p>Multiple sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What density has an acute intracerebral bleeding on CT?

<p>Hyperdense, comparing to brain tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical feature of palleocerebellar syndrome?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is typical for a neocerebellar disorder?

<p>Limb hypermetria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cerebellar disorder manifests:

<p>At ipsilateral side of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not belong to the cerebellar symptoms?

<p>Paresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archicerebellum includes the

<p>Flocculonodular lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Willis circle is formed by:

<p>Anterior communicating artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement:

<p>Anterior communicating artery connects both anterior cerebral arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct statement

<p>Primary motor cortex is localized in precentral gyrus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syringomyelic dissociation of sensitivity occurs within:

<p>Lesion to spinothalamic tract in the area of central spinal canal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syringomyelic dissociation of sensitivity is manifested by:

<p>Lesion of pain and thermic sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syringomyelic sensation deficit occurs when lesion is located in:

<p>Anterior half of spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of brainstem lesion, which of the following statement is NOT true regarding...?

<p>when lesion is located in upper part of brainstem superficial and contralateral half of face (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true for fluctuation in Parkinson's disease?

<p>They typically occur and worsen over the course of the disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anterior spinal artery syndrome is not manifested by:

<p>Lesion of dorsal column pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of thalamic syndrome consists of:

<p>Hemianosmia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct statement about parkinsonian tremor:

<p>it absents in approx. 30% of patients with Parkinson's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tremor is characteristic for Parkinson's disease?

<p>Resting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark incorrect statement of Parkinson's disease:

<p>Dyskinesia is present in under-dosed patients - complex association bounds to LT side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select incorrect statement about spasticity:

<p>Botulinum toxin is used in the treatment of spasticity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about rigidity:

<p>It worsens by the movement of contralateral limb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true for Essential tremor?

<p>It is associated with action (postural and kinetic) tremor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true for Essential tremor?

<p>Many patients have positive family history of tremor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about meningeal syndrome is correct?

<p>Nuchal rigidity/neck stiffness is a part of the clinical picture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myoclonus may originate:

<p>Its origin can be cortical subcortical, or spinal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hyperkinetic movements is characterized as a complex patterned movement/posture?

<p>Dystonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic origin of movement disorders should be considered especially if:

<p>Symptoms start in early childhood, adolescence or early adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Uncinate crisis is present in lesion of:

<p>Temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement: vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve (n.VIII)-.

<p>They emerge from the pyramid bone through the meatus acusticus externus at the ponto-cerebellar angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct statement : vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve (VII):

<p>Both nerves came out of the pyramid bone through the meatus acusticus externus and they enter the brain stem in the ponto-celebellar angle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vestibular ataxia - when testing a patient's posture (Rhomberg):

<p>The ataxia worsens when the eyes are closed, the Romberg test is positive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vestibular ataxia - when testing a patients posture (Romberg):

<p>Ataxia worsens when closing eyes, Romberg's sign is positive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nystagmus is defined as:

<p>Rapidly repetitive, rhythmic movement of the eyes, or twitch of the eyeballs which occurs in lesions of the vestibular nerve, or vestibular pathways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

XI. cranial nerve innervates:

<p>Neck's muscles (m. sternocleidomastoideus, m. trapezius) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nuclear and/or infra nuclear lesion of the cranial nerves IX, X, XII manifest as:

<p>Bulbar paralysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Structural abnormality in the case of bulbar palsy is localised:

<p>Cranial nerves IX - XII's nuclei localized in the bulbar brainstem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical features of the bulbar palsy are:

<p>Dysarthria, dysphagia, tongue atrophy and faciculations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tetraparesis/tetraplegia means the weakness of:

<p>All 4 limbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Central palsy is characterized by:

<p>Muscle's hypertonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Central palsy is characterized by:

<p>Babinski sign (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of superior alternating hemiplegia a lesion of which cranial nerve is present:

<p>CN III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middle alternating hemiplegia is characterized by:

<p>Ipsilateral peripheral n. VII lesion and contralateral hemiparesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Millard-Gubler syndrome is also called:

<p>Middle alternating hemiplegia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct answer:

<p>CSF obstruction can lead to hydrocephalus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diagnoses are not causes of intracranial hypertension syndrome?

<p>Atrophy of hippocampal area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CSF examination in patients with:

<p>Guillain-Barré syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct answer about proteins-cytology:

<p>Proteino-cytological association is present in patients with bacterial CNS infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement regarding brain CT:

<p>Is used primarily for diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cerebellum is true?

<p>It has a strictly motor function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dyssynergy means:

<p>Problem with coordination between muscle groups in a more complex movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a typical feature of palleocerebellar syndrome?

<p>Intentional tremor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Palleocerebellum includes the:

<p>Vermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Right cerebellar hemisphere lesions will be primary related to:

<p>Ataxia on ipsilateral limbs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement:

<p>Hemisection of spinal cord is manifested by ipsilateral motor paralysis and contralateral loss of proprioception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement:

<p>Lesion to dorsal column leads to spinal ataxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradykinesia is typical sign of:

<p>Parkinson's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Every child with dystonia and diurnal fluctuations (better in the morning and worse in the evening) should try a trial with:

<p>Levodopa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tics may be differentiated from the hyperkinetic movement by the following statement:

<p>They may partially voluntarily suppressible, are preceded by inner urge and followed by relief on inner tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In lesion of left n. II:

<p>On the left side is not present direct FR and on the right side is not present consensual FR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the correct statement - Axial reflexes:

<p>Pathological are sucking reflex, nasolabial and mentolabial reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Axial reflexes - mark correct statement:

<p>Nasopalpepbral reflex is physiological, nasolabial, mentolabial and sucking reflexes are pathological (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nuclei of the cranial nerves IX.,X.,XI. XII. are located in:

<p>Medulla oblongata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signs of middle alternating hemiparesis (Millard-Gubler's syndrome) include:

<p>Peripheral palsy of n. VII (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Axon of the lower motor neuron terminates at the:

<p>Striated muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inferior alternating hemiplegia is characterized by:

<p>Ipsilateral lesion of hypoglossal nerve and ipsilateral hemiparesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In parietal lobe syndrome of non-dominant hemisphere is not present:

<p>Speech problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical features of meningeal syndrome?

<p>Neck opposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a clinical feature of meningeal syndrome?

<p>Hanzal's sign (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subacute onset of movement disorder is characteristic for the following etiology:

<p>Autoimmune and paraneoplastic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexia:

<p>Is unability to understand to written test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyposmia?

<p>Low sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

CT angiography contraindications:

<p>heart failure, heart valve problems, and chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do cerebellar lesions manifest?

<p>Ipsilaterally to the lesion site</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a lower motoneuron lesion produce?

<p>Muscle atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

In MRI-angiography of brain vessels:

<p>It is possible to visualize brain arteries, without using contrast medium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electromyography nerve conduction studies (NCS) are used to measure action potentials:

<p>After stimulation of peripheral nerve, recording is over the nerve or muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evaluation of the brainstem reactivity in coma patient we do not use:

<p>Babinski sign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chipault rule. If patient has a sensation deficit in Th4, lesion is located in the level of:

<p>Th2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vestibular nerve lesion presents with:

<p>Nausea, vomit, vertigo, nystagmus and vestibular ataxia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Short steps and decreased arm swing during the gait is typical for:

<p>Parkinsonism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nerve VII consists of mixed fibers

<p>Sensory (taste), vegetative (slinenie, sizenie), motor and sensitive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In lesion of right n. III:

<p>On the right side is not present direct FR and on the left side is present... (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoglossal nerve palsy on the right side manifests as:

<p>Hypertrophy of the right half of the tongue, while protruded the apex turns to the right (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of following findings is present in inferior alternating hemiplegia?

<p>Protruded tongue is deviated to ipsilateral side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transversal complete spinal cord lesion in the segments C1-C4 is associated with:

<p>Central paresis of lower limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transversal complete spinal cord lesion on the level Th12 manifests with:

<p>Flaccid paraparesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spastic paraparesis could come from:

<p>Parasagittal growing tumour (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct answer:

<p>Paresis can be the clinical manifestation of upper and lower motoneuron lesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For detection of amyloid angiopathy we use:

<p>Brain MRI with gradient echo sequence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imagine technique will show acute ischemic stroke:

<p>MRI-DWI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most virulent cause of meningitis?

<p>S. Pneumoniae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classic symptoms of meningitis usually include:

<p>Fever, headache, stiff neck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What of the following symptoms of Parkinson's disease is often resistant to levodopa treatment?

<p>Postural instability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vertebro-basilar stroke is not manifested by:

<p>Aphasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diplopia, nasal deviation of the left eyebulb looking straight ahead are caused by:

<p>Abducent palsy on the left side (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Devic's disease. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is:

<p>A demyelinating disease manifesting with optic neuritis and myelitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct statement for neurinoma (Schwannoma):

<p>Commonly occurs in vestibular part of n. VIII (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is typical for multiple system atrophy?

<p>Autonomic dysfunction (e.g. orthostatic hypotension) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark the most specific (clinical) symptom of prodromal Parkinson's disease:

<p>REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Right side hemianopsia is present in lesion of:

<p>Left optic tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Category of primary headaches does not include:

<p>Paroxysmal hemicrania (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spectrophotometric analysis of cerebrospinal fluid is for:

<p>Xanthochromia and subarachnoid hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark correct answer:

<p>MRI has 3 main weight sequences : T1 T2 FLAIR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plain x-ray of the spinal column is indicated:

<p>In the present, it is not used frequently (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For maintenance of stability normal function of the following is not required:

<p>V. cranial nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive Chvostek's sign means that the patient has:

<p>Tetania - tetania syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinical picture of pseudobulbar palsy shows:

<p>Dysartria, dysphagia, increased masseter reflex, positive pathological axial reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysarthria and dysphagia are present within the following syndromas:

<p>Pseudobulbar palsy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brocca center is in:

<p>Left frontal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CT angiography- which of following statement is true:

<p>It's a minimally invasive examination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Drunk man" (ataxia) gait with broadened basis typical for:

<p>cerebellar lesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRI angiography

<p>it is an imagining method without radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following do not suggest brain structural abnormality in the origin of coma?

<p>Drop of the mouth angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pathway for temperature sensation:

<p>Crosses in front of central canal in comissura anterior alba (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Afferent pathways of deep sensation enter:

<p>Into dorsal spinal columns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark incorrect statement for chorea:

<p>It has constant, stereotypic pattern (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

EEG cannot be used for differeciation of:

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperkinetic movement disorder is:

<p>Dystonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evoked potential (EP) test is based on:

<p>Registration of impulse propagation along the nerve pathway, it is the response of the nerve structures to a precisely defined stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

CT angiography cerebral vessels

Imaging technique to visualize blood vessels in the brain using contrast and X-rays

Subarachnoid bleeding

Bleeding between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges.

Ischemic stroke

Stroke caused by a blocked blood vessel in the brain, depriving an area of oxygen and nutrients.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

Invasive imaging technique using contrast to visualize blood vessels

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MR angiography (MRA)

Imaging technique that visualizes blood vessels without radiation.

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Gadolinium

Contrast agent used in MRA to enhance blood vessel visualization

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Spike-wave Complexes

EEG pattern indicative of epileptic seizures

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EMG (Electromyography)

Exam to measure electrical activity in muscles

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Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)

Measure nerve impulse speed and strength

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Demyelinating lesion

Damage to the myelin sheath surrounding nerves, slowing impulse transmission

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Axonal lesion

Damage to the nerve axon itself, reducing impulse transmission strength

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Hypereflexia

Excessively strong reflexes

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Glasgow Coma Scale

Assessment tool for patient responsiveness

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Needle EMG

EMG technique involving inserting a needle into muscle to study electrical activity

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Myasthenic syndrome

Group of neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressively declining muscle strength

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Myopathy

Muscle disease

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Denervation potentials

Abnormal electrical signals observed in muscles with damage to nerve supply

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Contralateral hemiparesis

Weakness on one side of the body caused by a lesion on the opposite side of the central nervous system

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Brainstem auditory EP (BAEP)

Evoked potentials used to assess hearing pathway function

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Somatosensory EP (SEP)

Evoked potentials for assessing sensory pathway function

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Visual evoked potentials (VEP)

Evoked potentials used to test optic pathway function

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

Examination of cerebrospinal fluid to diagnose neurological conditions

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Hyperproteinorachia

Elevated protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid.

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Intrathecal synthesis of IgG

Production of immunoglobulin G antibodies within the central nervous system.

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