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Altered kinematics are believed to reduce the ______ space or approximate the tendon undersurface to the glenoid labrum.
subacromial
Studies have demonstrated that subjects with shoulder impingement may present with decreased ______ upward rotation and posterior tilt during arm elevation.
scapular
Alterations in this normal motion of the ______ have been associated with shoulder pathologies such as shoulder impingement.
shoulder
These altered kinematics have also been associated with alterations in ______ activation or resting length of shoulder muscles.
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The purpose of this manuscript is to review current knowledge of how ______ activation and force production contribute to shoulder kinematics in healthy subjects and persons with shoulder impingement.
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The length-tension relationship and load of the ______ cuff and scapular muscles and tendons are also believed to be influenced by normal kinematics.
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Excess ______ elevation is also mechanically linked to the undesired motion of scapular anterior tilting.
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Excess upper ______ activation and excess clavicular elevation and retraction have been identified in subjects with impingement.
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The middle ______ plays primarily a stabilizing role in controlling scapular position.
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The lower ______ appears to act both as a medial stabilizer similar to the middle trapezius, as well as an accessory scapular upward rotator assisting the serratus anterior.
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Delayed activation of the lower ______ in response to dropping the arm has also been noted for impingement patients.
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Patients presenting either with excess scapular internal rotation or ______ of the medial or vertebral scapular border.
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The ______ journal published the manuscript in 2010.
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The ______ has been found to be more active during abduction as compared to flexion.
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The painful shoulder occurs during ______ swimming.
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In patients with ______ paralysis, the shoulder girdle “droops” and scapular downward rotation and lateral translation occur.
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The middle and lower ______ anterior are aligned with a substantial mechanical advantage for scapular upward rotation.
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Fine wire ______ analysis was used to examine muscles of the shoulder.
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Scapular ______ plays a role in the etiology and treatment of impingement syndrome.
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The ______ and levator scapulae may be rendered inefficient to rotate the scapula if the trapezius is not active.
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The SICK ______ is a type of scapular dyskinesis.
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The middle and lower ______ anterior are the only scapulothoracic muscles with the capability to both upwardly rotate and posteriorly tilt the scapula on the thorax.
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Neuromuscular ______ and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex was studied.
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The ______ of action of the middle and lower serratus anterior will also directly approximate the scapula to the thorax, which can serve as a stable base.
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The scapula has three types of rotations, including upward/downward rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the ______,
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The study by Peat and Grahame consisted of 30 healthy subjects, 18 with ______ pain, ranging in age from 39 to 70 years old.
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The study by Ludewig and Cook observed alterations in muscle activity in 26 healthy subjects and 26 subjects with ______.
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Reddy et al. conducted a study with 15 healthy subjects and 15 subjects with ______.
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Cools et al. found delayed middle and lower trapezius relative latency to sudden perturbation in 30 healthy subjects and 39 subjects with ______.
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Wadsworth and Bullock-Saxton observed delayed activation and increased variability in serratus anterior latency in 9 healthy subjects and 9 subjects with ______.
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