Questions and Answers
Which learning theory emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions and associations in the learning process?
Behavioral Learning Theory
What type of learning theory focuses on objectively observable behaviors?
Behavioral Learning Theory
Which technique based on respondent conditioning is used to reduce fear and anxiety?
Systematic desensitization
What concept in Behavioral Learning Theory refers to the tendency of initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli?
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Which type of learning theory highlights the thinking processes, reasoning, and memory functioning?
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In which learning theory is learning viewed as a highly active process largely directed by the individual?
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What does respondent conditioning emphasize in the learning process?
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Which concept needs careful consideration in relapse prevention programs according to respondent conditioning?
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What is a technique used by psychologists based on respondent conditioning to reduce fear and anxiety?
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What type of learning theory focuses on analyzing mental processes first to explain different learning processes?
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Study Notes
Short-Term Learning
- Simple stories with pictures and doll/puppet play to act out feelings and behaviors
- Role-playing to bring imagination to reality
- Simple, concrete explanations with visual and tactile experiences
- Brief teaching sessions
Long-Term Learning
- Focus on rituals, imitation, and repetition of information
- Using words and actions to hold child's attention
- Reinforcement as an opportunity for children to achieve permanence of learning
- Parents as role models, with values and beliefs that reinforce healthy behaviors
Early Childhood (3-5 years old)
Physical Development
- Fine and gross motor skills become refined
Cognitive Development
- Preoperational stage (Piaget)
- Egocentric and precausal thinking
- Conservation: understanding that object properties stay the same despite appearance and position changes
Psychosocial Development
- Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage
- Gain awareness of uniqueness and develop self-concept
- Fear of failure and being left out
Barriers to Learning
- Children develop at different rates
- Frustration tolerance and limited understanding of consequences
Teaching Strategies
- Include children in the entire process
- Use single and logical terms
- Observe child's reaction and teach parents to foster independence
- Gear towards normal development
Short-Term Learning Strategies
- Take responsibility and use sessions
- Use audiovisual aids to clarify terminology
- Use analogies and show peers undergoing similar situations
- Provide time and prepare in advance
- Encourage participation and provide nurture and support
Long-Term Learning Strategies
- Help children acquire new skills and maintain well-being
- Incorporate positive health actions into daily life
Adolescence (12-19 years old)
Behavioral Learning Theory
- Focus on objectively observable behaviors
- Emphasizes observable behavior, new skills, knowledge, or attitudes
- Respondent conditioning emphasizes stimulus conditions and associations
- Systematic desensitization reduces fear and anxiety
- Stimulus generalization: applying initial learning to similar stimuli
- Spontaneous recovery: a respondent conditioning concept for relapse prevention
Cognitive Learning Theory
- Explains learning by analyzing mental processes
- Learning is easier and information can be stored in memory for a long time
- Viewed as a highly active process directed by the individual
- Information processing emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, and memory functioning
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