47 Questions
What is memory according to the provided text?
The process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
What is one of the purposes of the chapter on memory?
To introduce the different types of memory and describe the properties of each type.
What does memory have to do with, based on the definitions provided in the text?
The past affecting the present and possibly the future.
What is memory active in, according to the text?
Any time some past experience has an effect on the way you think or behave now or in the future.
What is persistence of vision?
The continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present.
In movie projection, how does persistence of vision contribute to the viewing experience?
It fills in the darkness between frames to create smooth motion.
What did George Sperling's experiment aim to measure?
The capacity and duration of the sensory store.
What was the average number of letters participants were able to report in Sperling's whole report method?
4.5 out of the 12 letters
What method did Sperling test after the whole report method?
Partial report method
What percentage of the letters in the cued row were correctly reported in Sperling's partial report method?
82 percent
What did Sperling conclude about participants' immediate perception in his experiment?
Participants saw an average of 82 percent of all the letters but were not able to report all due to rapid fading.
What additional experiment did Sperling conduct to determine the time course of fading?
Delayed partial report method
What did Sperling's experiments demonstrate about sensory stimuli?
The rapid fading of sensory stimuli and the limitations of immediate perception.
Which control process involves repeating a stimulus to hold it in STM?
Rehearsal
What is the initial stage that holds incoming information for seconds?
Sensory memory
What is the capacity of short-term memory (STM) in terms of holding items?
Five to seven items
Which process involves storing information in long-term memory (LTM)?
Encoding
What does the modal model of memory consist of?
Sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)
What is the process of remembering information stored in LTM?
Retrieval
What is the capacity of long-term memory (LTM) in terms of holding information?
A large amount of information for years
Which type of memory is the retention of sensory stimulation for brief periods?
Sensory memory
What are associated with the structural features in the modal model of memory?
Control processes
Which process involves focusing on important information?
Selective attention
What does the modal model of memory illustrate?
How different types of memory operate and interact
What is the process of transferring information between STM and LTM?
Retrieval
Which type of memory involves the brief persistence of an image, allowing for perception in the dark?
Short-term memory
How long does short-term memory typically last?
10 to 15 seconds
Which type of memory encompasses facts and knowledge, like addresses and birthdays?
Semantic memory
Which type of memory stores information for extended periods, including episodic and procedural memories?
Long-term memory
Which type of memory is essential for managing day-to-day tasks, despite being often underestimated?
Short-term memory
According to the modal model of memory, which types of memory are placed at the beginning of the memory process?
Sensory and short-term memory
Which type of memory involves the retention of information for immediate processing and awareness?
Sensory memory
Which type of memory is fundamental in the information-processing approach to cognition?
Short-term memory
Which type of memory is crucial for measuring immediate information intake and retention?
Sensory memory
Which type of memory involves the storage of information for extended periods, including episodic and procedural memories?
Long-term memory
Which type of memory encompasses facts and knowledge, like addresses and birthdays?
Semantic memory
Which type of memory involves the brief persistence of an image, allowing for perception in the dark?
Short-term memory
What did Sperling's delayed partial report experiments show about participants' ability to report letters after a 1-second delay?
Participants were able to report only slightly more than 1 letter in a row after a 1-second delay
What did Sperling conclude about iconic memory?
It registers all or most of the visual information but decays within less than a second
What is the duration of echoic memory?
Lasts for a few seconds after the original stimulus presentation
What is the primary function of short-term memory (STM)?
Storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time
What happens to most information in short-term memory (STM)?
It is eventually lost, with only some reaching long-term memory
What is one major misconception about short-term memory (STM)?
That it lasts for a relatively long time
What did early research on short-term memory (STM) focus on?
Determining its duration and capacity through recall experiments
What is recall in the context of memory?
Involves participants being presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, asked to report back as many of the stimuli as possible
What is a misconception about the duration of short-term memory?
It is not uncommonly referred to for events remembered from a few days or weeks ago, but its duration is actually brief
What can recall be used to analyze?
To determine patterns in the way items are recalled
Study Notes
Short-Term Memory and Sperling's Experiments
- Sperling's delayed partial report experiments showed that participants were able to report only slightly more than 1 letter in a row after a 1-second delay
- The graph in Figure 5.6 illustrates the decrease in performance due to the rapid decay of iconic memory
- Sperling concluded that a short-lived sensory memory, iconic memory, registers all or most of the visual information but decays within less than a second
- Echoic memory, the persistence of sound, lasts for a few seconds after the original stimulus presentation
- Short-term memory (STM) is involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time
- Most information in STM is eventually lost, with only some reaching the more permanent store of long-term memory (LTM)
- STM is responsible for a great deal of our mental life, as it is our window on the present
- Early research on STM focused on determining its duration and capacity through recall experiments
- Recall involves participants being presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, asked to report back as many of the stimuli as possible
- One major misconception is that short-term memory lasts for a relatively long time, when in fact it is involved in storing information briefly
- Short-term memory is not uncommonly referred to for events remembered from a few days or weeks ago, but its duration is actually brief
- Recall is also involved in recollecting life events and facts learned, and can be analyzed to determine patterns in the way items are recalled
Test your knowledge of short-term memory and Sperling's experiments with this quiz. Explore the concepts of iconic memory, echoic memory, and the duration and capacity of short-term memory. Challenge yourself with questions about recall experiments and the role of short-term memory in our mental life.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
