Psychology Chapter on Short-Term Memory
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Questions and Answers

What primarily causes the loss of recent information stored in short-term memory?

  • Brain trauma (correct)
  • Emotional stress
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Long-term memory interference

    • Which of the following statements best describes short-term memory?

  • It is susceptible to loss due to physical brain damage. (correct)
  • It stores information indefinitely.
  • It functions without needing any external stimuli.
  • It is primarily affected by emotional experiences.

    • What happens to recently learned information in short-term memory following brain trauma?

  • It remains intact but inaccessible.
  • It disappears. (correct)
  • It is enhanced and recalled more easily.
  • It is transferred to long-term memory.

    • Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the disappearance of short-term memory?

    <p>Overlearning information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for information loss in short-term memory?

    <p>Recent brain injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to recall events preceding a specific trauma while retaining memories formed afterward?

    <p>Retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature differentiates transient global amnesia from other forms of amnesia?

    <p>Temporary nature of memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient exhibits normal memory recall for events post-trauma but lacks memory for events prior. This is an indication of which condition?

    <p>Transient global amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would likely not exhibit the ability to recall new information after the event?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In transient global amnesia, what is the typical duration of the memory loss experienced by the patient?

    <p>Hours to days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia is primarily associated with difficulty in forming new memories in a patient with transient global amnesia?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the memory loss in transient global amnesia?

    <p>The loss of past memories is relatively mild compared to new memory formation issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How common is transient global amnesia compared to other forms of amnesia?

    <p>It is a rare form of amnesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a case of transient global amnesia, what is the typical state of the person's past memories?

    <p>Past memories are lost, but some may be remembered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes transient global amnesia?

    <p>It primarily hinders the ability to retain new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary indicator of difficulty observed in the family member's daily life?

    <p>Difficulty planning daily activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the family member typically respond when faced with confusion?

    <p>She becomes agitated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the family member's ability to recognize their family?

    <p>She recognizes family members but often forgets their names</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of financial management skills does the family member exhibit?

    <p>Struggles with managing finances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspect of social interactions does the family member demonstrate a challenge?

    <p>Remembering names of family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset period for delirium?

    <p>Sudden onset over hours to days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder primarily affects recent memory formation?

    <p>Amnestic Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive disorder is often reversible?

    <p>Delirium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the course of dementia?

    <p>Follows a progressive and steady pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of memory loss in delirium?

    <p>Only recent memory is impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Mini-Mental State Examination, what score range indicates severe cognitive impairment?

    <p>0-17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically assessed in cognitive disorders?

    <p>Personal interests and hobbies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy can assist individuals with cognitive disorders?

    <p>Cognitive training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is primarily affected in Khalid after his head injury?

    <p>Recent memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about Khalid's long-term memory after the accident?

    <p>It remains intact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might Khalid's condition be classified in terms of memory types?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the car accident, which aspect of Khalid's memory is least likely to be affected?

    <p>Procedural skills like riding a bike</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential psychological impact of Khalid's difficulty remembering recent events?

    <p>Frustration and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Disorders

    • Cognition is the brain's ability to process, retain, and use information, including reasoning, judgment, perception, attention, comprehension, and memory.
    • A cognitive disorder is a disruption or impairment in higher-level brain functions. It has devastating effects on daily life, impacting a person's ability to function, potentially causing them to forget family members' names, perform daily tasks, or neglect personal hygiene.
    • Causes of cognitive disorders can include hormonal imbalances in the womb, genetics, environmental factors, substance abuse, and physical injury.
    • Symptoms of a cognitive disorder can include confusion (identity confusion), poor motor coordination, loss of short-term or long-term memory, impaired judgment, emotional imbalance, speech problems, motor problems, hyperactivity or hypoactivity, sleep disturbance, hallucinations, and perceptual disturbance

    Cognitive Primary Categories

    • Delirium
    • Dementia
    • Amnestic disorders

    Delirium

    • Delirium is a syndrome characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition.
    • It typically develops over a short period, sometimes within hours, and fluctuates throughout the day.
    • Clients experiencing delirium often have difficulty concentrating, are easily distracted, and may exhibit sensory disturbances like hallucinations or illusions.

    Risk Factors for Delirium

    • Accidental or intentional poisoning
    • Elderly clients
    • Recent major surgery
    • Head injury
    • Infection
    • Multiple drug therapy

    Dementia

    • Dementia is a mental disorder involving multiple cognitive deficits, memory impairment, and at least one of the following:
    • Aphasia (language disturbance)
    • Apraxia (impaired ability to carry out motor activities)
    • Agnosia (failure to recognize or identify objects)
    • Disturbance in executive functioning (e.g., planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting)
    • The onset and course of dementia are slow, progressive, and terminal.
    • It typically takes 8 to 10 years from the onset of symptoms to death.
    • Dementia leads to significant impairment in social and occupational functioning and long-term loss of the ability to think.
    • Symptoms of dementia can include agitation, depression, tremors, balance problems, language difficulty, hallucinations, and anxiety.

    Amnestic Disorders

    • Amnestic disorders are a group of disorders involving loss of memories, loss of the ability to create new or learn new information.
    • These disorders are caused by damage to the brain or disease.
    • Symptoms of amnestic disorders typically include loss of memory, disorientation with time and space, a lack of insight into memory loss, and difficulty learning or recalling information.

    Types of Amnesia

    • Anterograde amnesia: The inability to form new memories after an injury or event.
    • Retrograde amnesia: The inability to recall memories that existed before the injury or event (opposite of anterograde amnesia).
    • Transient global amnesia: A temporary loss of all memory, with both anterograde and a milder form of retrograde amnesia
    • Infantile amnesia: The inability to remember events from infancy. It's common to almost everyone, and remembering things from infancy is rare.

    Differentiating Cognitive Disorders

    • Delirium: sudden onset, fluctuating symptoms, often reversible.
    • Dementia: gradual onset, progressive, and largely irreversible symptoms.
    • Amnestic Disorder: memory loss, more selective or gradual in development, could be reversible depending on cause.

    Assessment of Cognitive Disorders

    • Assess changes in cognitive functions (onset and course)
    • Assess changes in functional status (e.g., self-care, cooking, finances, hygiene)
    • Check for physical symptoms (nausea, vomiting, vision, hearing, speech, gait, balance, sensation, and motor functions)
    • Evaluate general appearance and presence of aphasia, apraxia.
    • Assess psychiatric symptoms (mood changes, behavioral and personality changes).
    • Inquire about current medications, surgery, or trauma.
    • Use the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): a tool to assess cognitive function. This test grades cognitive function from zero (severe impairment) to 30 (no impairment).

    Treatment of Cognitive Disorders

    • Exercise and physical activity
    • Sleep hygiene
    • Relaxation techniques
    • Cognitive training
    • Psychotherapy
    • Psychosocial support

    Case Studies

    • Provided case studies illustrating different cognitive disorders and their specific characteristics. These case studies illustrate real-world examples.

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    Cognitive Disorders PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of short-term memory and related amnesia types. This quiz covers causes of memory loss, characteristics of short-term memory, and effects of brain trauma. Dive into the intriguing aspects of how memory functions and fails.

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