Shock Definition and Categories

<p>All vital parameters and organ functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive vasodilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid volume overload once normothermic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only when there is a documented infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reach resuscitation endpoints with minimum resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative adrenal insufficiency in septic patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid increase in blood volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Investigate and treat causes of nonresponsive shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pink mucous membranes with normal CRT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restoration of hydration and ongoing fluid losses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac tamponade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compensatory shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Masses impeding blood flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tachycardia (A), Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged to absent capillary refill time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension with hyperemic mucous membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased systemic vascular resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bloody diarrhea or vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the dose of crystalloids initially. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient must have adequate circulating volume. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dobutamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetics only. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red cell transfusions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced responsiveness of cholinergic receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific therapies for conditions like hypoglycemia or anemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both B and C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate cellular energy production due to insufficient oxygen or nutrient delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of blood volume through hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributive shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forward flow of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection leading to the release of inflammatory mediators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased cardiac output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced preload and afterload (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inadequate cellular energy production due to insufficient oxygen or nutrient delivery to meet cell needs.

Loss of circulating blood volume. This reduces preload and decreases cardiac output.

Vasodilation causes blood volume to spread out, leading to a relative low blood volume in the circulatory system. Reduces afterload.

A form of distributive shock caused by an infection. Inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation.

Low blood flow due to heart problems, such as heart attack.

A state of relative hypovolemia due to vasodilation.

Low forward flow of blood caused by heart-related issues.

A state of reduced blood volume in the vascular system. This reduces preload and decreases cardiac output.

A type of shock caused by a physical obstruction impeding blood flow, affecting central circulation like the heart or great arteries/veins.

Shock caused by inadequate delivery of substrates needed for cellular energy production. This can be due to severe anemia, hypoxemia, or inability to utilize oxygen properly.

A stage of shock where the body's compensatory mechanisms are still working, maintaining adequate oxygen supply to cells and tissues.

A stage of shock where compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, leading to a decline in tissue oxygenation.

The most severe stage of shock where compensatory mechanisms completely fail, resulting in a significant drop in blood pressure and tissue oxygenation.

Fluid buildup in the pericardial sac, putting pressure on the heart and hindering its ability to fill with blood.

An example of obstructive shock where a blood clot, mass, or vessel kink restricts blood flow.

A state where the body's tissues are not receiving enough oxygen due to inadequate blood flow.

Fluids administered to rapidly restore blood volume in shock.

Drugs that mimic the 'fight or flight' response, boosting heart function or blood pressure.

Drugs that strengthen heart contractions, improving blood flow.

Drugs that constrict blood vessels, raising blood pressure.

Shock caused by low body temperature, especially common in cats and small animals.

Treatment for shock that focuses on the underlying cause, such as blood transfusions for anemia.

A set of clinical signs observed during or after shock that stem from decreased oxygen delivery to specific tissues.

Characterized by bloody diarrhea and/or vomiting, which is often attributed to poor perfusion of the intestinal tract during various forms of shock.

Characterized by acute renal failure, which is a result of decreased renal perfusion, often leading to decreased urine output and potentially kidney damage.

Smaller animal patients should be given fluids slower than larger animals while they are actively being warmed back to a normal temperature.

When treating cats with shock, aggressively hydrating them before warming them up can overwhelm their system once they reach a normal temperature, potentially leading to complications.

Antibiotics are important in cases of sepsis, where bacteria have entered the bloodstream, or when there is a suspicion of infection.

When an animal's body defenses are compromised, such as after a severe gut injury, antibiotics can help prevent bacteria from entering the bloodstream and causing sepsis.

Steroid use in shock is usually not recommended except in cases of adrenal insufficiency or severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).

The goal of shock treatment is to restore normal blood flow and vital signs using the smallest amount of fluids and medications possible.

Once an animal has achieved normal vital signs and blood flow, additional fluids are needed to maintain their hydration and compensate for ongoing fluid losses.

If an animal does not respond to fluid therapy, it indicates that there may be underlying issues that need to be identified and addressed.

A serious condition where the body's inflammatory response goes out of control, leading to organ dysfunction and failure.

A condition where several organs in the body begin to fail due to prolonged shock or other conditions.