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Questions and Answers
What is the intermediate host for sheep liver fluke?
What is the intermediate host for sheep liver fluke?
Which organ does sheep liver fluke predominantly inhabit?
Which organ does sheep liver fluke predominantly inhabit?
What is the infective stage of the sheep liver fluke?
What is the infective stage of the sheep liver fluke?
Which type of pathology is associated with fascioliasis caused by sheep liver fluke?
Which type of pathology is associated with fascioliasis caused by sheep liver fluke?
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What is the drug of choice for treating sheep liver fluke infection?
What is the drug of choice for treating sheep liver fluke infection?
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How does the chronic phase of human fascioliasis differ from the acute phase?
How does the chronic phase of human fascioliasis differ from the acute phase?
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What is the common name for Fasciola lanceolata?
What is the common name for Fasciola lanceolata?
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Which host species is associated with Pancreatic Fluke (Euretrema pancreaticum)?
Which host species is associated with Pancreatic Fluke (Euretrema pancreaticum)?
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Where is the habitat of Fasciola lanceolata primarily located within the host?
Where is the habitat of Fasciola lanceolata primarily located within the host?
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What is the primary method of laboratory diagnosis for Pancreatic Fluke (Euretrema pancreaticum)?
What is the primary method of laboratory diagnosis for Pancreatic Fluke (Euretrema pancreaticum)?
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How is the morphology of adult Fasciola lanceolata described?
How is the morphology of adult Fasciola lanceolata described?
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What is the primary pathology associated with destruction caused by Pancreatic Fluke (Euretrema pancreaticum)?
What is the primary pathology associated with destruction caused by Pancreatic Fluke (Euretrema pancreaticum)?
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What is the definitive diagnostic method for paragonimiasis?
What is the definitive diagnostic method for paragonimiasis?
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Which species of Schistosoma is associated with the presence of a gynecophoral canal or groove?
Which species of Schistosoma is associated with the presence of a gynecophoral canal or groove?
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What is the infective stage of Schistosoma known as?
What is the infective stage of Schistosoma known as?
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Which form of Schistosomiasis is characterized by itching, chills, and fever?
Which form of Schistosomiasis is characterized by itching, chills, and fever?
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Which type of Schistosomiasis results in larval migration to the lungs?
Which type of Schistosomiasis results in larval migration to the lungs?
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What is another term for Schistosomal Cercarial Dermatitis?
What is another term for Schistosomal Cercarial Dermatitis?
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What is the principle behind the Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Ether Concentration Technique?
What is the principle behind the Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Ether Concentration Technique?
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What reagents are used in the Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Ether Concentration Technique that have a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20?
What reagents are used in the Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Ether Concentration Technique that have a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20?
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Why is the Brine Flotation Method considered advantageous?
Why is the Brine Flotation Method considered advantageous?
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What is a disadvantage associated with the Brine Flotation Method?
What is a disadvantage associated with the Brine Flotation Method?
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What was the original purpose of developing the Zinc Sulfate Flotation Method by Faust in 1938?
What was the original purpose of developing the Zinc Sulfate Flotation Method by Faust in 1938?
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Why do larger eggs like those of Fasciola & Fasciolopsis not float in the MIFECT technique?
Why do larger eggs like those of Fasciola & Fasciolopsis not float in the MIFECT technique?
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What method is the recommended choice for definitive diagnosis based on the text?
What method is the recommended choice for definitive diagnosis based on the text?
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How is the Scotch Tape used in the method described in the text?
How is the Scotch Tape used in the method described in the text?
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Which step is involved in the Scotch Tape Method for Pinworm Detection?
Which step is involved in the Scotch Tape Method for Pinworm Detection?
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What is NOT a recommended preventive measure mentioned in the text for certain conditions?
What is NOT a recommended preventive measure mentioned in the text for certain conditions?
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In which method are bleb or septate precipitates observed according to the text?
In which method are bleb or septate precipitates observed according to the text?
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What is the purpose of placing a strip of Scotch tape on a glass slide as per the text?
What is the purpose of placing a strip of Scotch tape on a glass slide as per the text?
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Study Notes
F. gigantica (Giant Liver Fluke)
- Common name: Sheep Liver Fluke or Giant Liver Fluke
- Hosts: Sheep, local cattle, herbivores
- 1st intermediate host (IH): Snails (Lymnaea philippinensis, Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa)
- 2nd IH: Kangkong (Ipomoea obscura) and Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale)
- Habitat: Liver parenchyma, gall bladder
- Infective stage: Metacercaria
- Pathology: Fascioliasis or Liver Rot, Liver Atrophy, Halzoun
- Laboratory diagnosis: Stool exam, liver biopsy, PCR
- Drug of choice: Bithionol, Triclabendazole
Morphology
- Adult fluke: large, broad, and flat body (20-50 mm in length, 6-12 mm in width)
- Cephalic cone prominent
- Highly branched testis and dendritic ovary
- F. gigantica egg: large, ovoidal, operculated, and yellowish to brownish in color
Pathology
- Acute or invasive phase: asymptomatic or produces fever, abdominal pain, and hypereosinophilia
- Chronic phase: diagnosed through surgical operation, parasites reach bile ducts, and cause obstruction, inflammation, and fibrosis
- Small protuberance at the abopercular end
Diagnosis and Prevention
- Diagnosis: Stool exam, serologic tests (ELISA, EIA), molecular method (PCR)
- Prevention and control: Health education, proper waste disposal, proper food preparation, fish irradiation at a dose of 0.15 kGy
F. lanceolata (Lancet Fluke)
- Common name: Lancet Fluke
- Hosts: Sheep, cattle
- 1st IH: Cionella lubrica, Helicella candibula (snail)
- 2nd IH: Formica fusca (ant)
- Habitat: Biliary tree of herbivores
- Morphology: Blade-like, lancet-like shaped, aspinous body, large ventral sucking disc
- Laboratory diagnosis: Stool exam (eggs)
E. pancreaticum (Pancreatic Fluke)
- Common name: Pancreatic Fluke
- Hosts: Hogs (pancreatic ducts), sheep, cattle (biliary ducts)
- 1st IH: Bradbybaena similaris, Macrochlamys indica
- 2nd IH: Technomyrmex deterquens (ant)
- Habitat: Pancreas, duodenum, biliary duct
- Morphology: Larger oral sucker, 2 notched testes, 1 notched ovary
- Laboratory diagnosis: Stool exam (eggs)
P. westermani (Lung Fluke)
- Egg: oval, yellowish-brown, thick-shelled, and has a flattened but prominent operculum
- Pathology:
- I. Granulomatous formation in the lungs, fibrotic encapsulation, dry cough, chest pains, dyspnea, hemoptysis
- II. Erratic paragonimiasis: worm migration in the abdominal wall, lymph nodes, omentum, pericardium, myocardium, intestinal wall, and brain → Cerebral paragonimiasis
- Diagnosis: Radiography (X-ray), sputum examination (definitive diagnosis, 3% NaOH), intradermal test, serologic test (CF, EIA, etc.)
Schistosoma spp. (Blood Flukes)
- Dioecious, presence of gynecophoral canal or groove
- In perpetual copulation
- Ova is non-operculated
- Infective stage: cercaria
- Species:
- Schistosoma japonicum
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Schistosoma haematobium
- Schistosoma mekongi
- Schistosoma intercalatum
Pathology
- I. Early Schistosomiasis: itching, chills, and fever
- II. Colonic Schistosomiasis: deposition of eggs in the colon (dysentery or diarrhea)
- III. Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis: most serious consequence, characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and ascites
- IV. Pulmonary Schistosomiasis: larval migration to the lungs
- V. Cerebral Schistosomiasis: meningoencephalitis, headache, confusion, lethargy, and coma
Diagnosis
-
- Stool exam
-
- Immunodiagnosis:
- A. Intradermal test
- B. IHA
- C. Merthiolate Iodine Formalin Ether Concentration Technique (MIFECT/MIFCT)
Flotation Techniques
- Principle: parasites are less dense than the solutions used and during centrifugation, they float to the surface
- Reagents: zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, brine, sugar
- Methods:
- Brine Flotation Method (by Willis)
- Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
- Sheather’s Sugar Flotation Technique
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Description
Test your knowledge on Gigantica, commonly known as Sheep Liver Fluke. Learn about its hosts, life cycle stages, pathology, laboratory diagnosis, and more. Explore the morphology of the adult fluke and the drugs used for treatment.
