General surgery

In the SOCRATES acronym used for history taking, what does 'R' stand for?

Which of the following is typically associated with visceral pain?

Somatic pain is often described as:

Which nerve is involved in the referred pain associated with biliary issues, often felt in the right shoulder?

Alterations in bowel habits and blood in stool can be associated symptoms of:

What is the initial type of pain experienced in acute appendicitis?

During an abdominal examination, what might shifting dullness indicate?

What does a resonant percussion note during an abdominal examination typically indicate?

Which of the following is NOT a common non-traumatic cause of acute abdomen?

What laboratory test is most useful in the diagnosis of pancreatitis?

What might free gas under the diaphragm on an erect chest X-ray indicate?

What is a key principle when preparing a patient for an abdominal examination?

What does the 'T' stand for in the SOCRATES pain assessment mnemonic?

Which of the following is a typical cause of ischaemia leading to acute abdomen?

Which of the following conditions primarily presents with somatic pain?

In females presenting with acute abdominal pain, what specific historical information is especially important?

Which of the following is likely to indicate upper gastrointestinal bleeding?

A patient presents with abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis. Which of the following conditions is most likely?

Which of the following is an indication for laparoscopy/laparoscopic surgery?

A patient has abdominal distension, and percussion reveals a tympanic sound. What condition is most likely?

A patient with a history of heavy alcohol use presents with ascites, spider naevi, and palmar erythema. Which organ is most likely affected?

In the context of acute abdomen, what is the significance of identifying metabolic acidosis on an arterial blood gas?

A patient presents with severe abdominal pain that is exacerbated by movement and coughing. Which type of pain is most likely?

A surgeon finds what appears to be a ruptured Graafian follicle during a laparoscopy for a female patient. What phase of the menstrual cycle is the patient most likely in?

Which of the following conditions is most likely to present with referred pain to the left shoulder via irritation of the diaphragm?

According to the SOCRATES mnemonic for pain assessment, what aspect does 'C' represent?

In the context of non-traumatic acute abdomen, which condition is most likely to cause ischaemia?

What type of pain is typically described as 'knife-like' and well-localized?

Which nerve is primarily involved in the referred pain from the diaphragm to the shoulder?

What region of the abdomen is located directly superior to the umbilical region?

In a female patient presenting with acute abdominal pain, what is the significance of inquiring about her last menstrual period (LMP)?

Which of the following signs observed during a physical examination is most indicative of liver cirrhosis?

Following the principles of abdominal examination, in what order should auscultation and palpation be performed and why?

Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to present with blood in the stool?

What is the likely significance of detecting metabolic acidosis on an arterial blood gas sample in a patient with acute abdomen?

What abdominal condition typically starts with periumbilical pain that later localizes to the right iliac fossa?

In the context of abdominal imaging, what does 'free gas under the diaphragm' typically indicate?

A patient presents with severe abdominal pain. Which of the following historical findings would most strongly suggest a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction?

Which of the following laboratory findings is most indicative of pancreatitis?

What is the primary purpose of laparoscopy/laparoscopic surgery in the context of acute abdomen?

What is the most likely cause of abdominal distension accompanied by shifting dullness on percussion?

Which of the following is associated with referred pain to the right shoulder?

A patient with known liver cirrhosis is likely to present which of the following signs in their hands?

During an abdominal examination, what is the expected percussion note over an area of intestinal obstruction?

A patient complains of altered bowel habits. What conditions are likely associated with blood in the stool?

Which organs are generally associated with pain in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen?

Which of the following is the least likely cause of acute abdomen?

A patient reports experiencing a dull and colicky abdominal pain. This type of pain is most likely associated with which of the following?

During the abdominal examination of a patient, you note the presence of spider naevi. Considering the possible underlying conditions, which of the following blood test results would you most expect to see?

A patient with a history of chronic alcohol abuse presents with marked abdominal distension. Upon physical examination, you note ascites and prominent spider naevi. To confirm the most likely underlying cause, which of the following laboratory tests would be most definitive?

Which of the following is a common cause of perforated peptic ulcer?

What is a typical symptom associated with intestinal obstruction?

In which age group is acute appendicitis most commonly observed?

What is a common treatment for acute appendicitis?

Which of the following is an aetiological factor for acute pancreatitis?

Which of the following is a typical clinical feature of perforated peptic ulcer?

What finding on an erect chest X-ray is suggestive of a perforated peptic ulcer?

Which condition can be most easily confused with a perforated peptic ulcer?

What is a common symptom related to pain location in acute appendicitis?

Which of the following factors contributes to the development of peptic ulcers by inhibiting the production of protective prostaglandins in the mucosa?

A patient presents with extreme abdominal pain, shallow breaths and a rigid abdomen. Which condition is most likely?

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of intestinal obstruction?

Where does the thyroid gland originate during embryological development?

In a patient with normal levels of T3 and T4, what thyroid state would they be classified as?

What term describes the enlargement of the thyroid gland?

Which of the following is a potential differential diagnosis for a lateral neck swelling?

A thyroglossal cyst is typically found in what region of the neck?

What is the main goal of surgery for thyroid cancer?

Why are older people prescribed steroids at a higher risk of perforated peptic ulcer?

How does Helicobacter pylori contribute to the formation of peptic ulcers?

What percentage of patients with perforated peptic ulcer exhibit free gas under the diaphragm on an erect CXR?

A patient presents with constipation, abdominal distension, and persistent vomiting. Which condition is most likely?

What is believed to cause sub-phrenic irritation, resulting in shoulder pain, in patients with a perforated peptic ulcer?

A young adult presents with periumbilical pain that has migrated to the right iliac fossa. They have anorexia and nausea, but not vomiting. Stool samples were negative for blood. What’s next?

Which of the following is the least likely cause of acute abdomen? I.e. which requires the most specific circumstances to lead to acute abdomen?

Which of the following is a common symptom of intestinal obstruction?

What is the most common age group affected by acute appendicitis?

What is the standard treatment approach for acute appendicitis?

Which factor is most commonly associated with the aetiology of acute pancreatitis?

What finding on an erect chest X-ray (CXR) is most suggestive of a perforated peptic ulcer?

Which condition can be most easily confused with a perforated peptic ulcer due to similar symptoms?

A patient with acute appendicitis commonly experiences pain that initially:

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of intestinal obstruction?

What term describes the enlargement of the thyroid gland, regardless of its cause?

Why are older people on long-term steroids at a higher risk of perforated peptic ulcer?

What percentage of patients with perforated peptic ulcer typically exhibit ''free gas under the diaphragm'' on an erect chest X-ray (CXR)?

In a patient with a perforated peptic ulcer, what physiological response is believed to cause sub-phrenic irritation, resulting in referred shoulder pain?

True or false?: A perforated peptic ulcer ALWAYS causes sub-phrenic irritation

Here are two statements relating to thyroid glands and thyroid cancer. Which is true? I) Total thyroidectomy is ALWAYS the most appropriate treatment for thyroid cancer. II) The location of the thyroid gland during human embryological development begins in the developing mediastinum.

What is the primary reason for placing surgical drains after thyroid surgery?

When should surgical drains be removed following a thyroidectomy?

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of acute confusional state (ACS) in primary care?

Which of the following signs and symptoms is related to safety-netting advice for sepsis?

According to the "Give (3) and Take (3)" management strategy for sepsis, what is the initial oxygen saturation target?

You are assessing a patient for potential sepsis. Which of the following findings would be categorized as an 'Amber Flag' according to the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool?

A patient who looks 'very unwell' presents with a potential infection. What action does the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool recommend?

A patient exhibits signs of severe breathlessness, severe muscle pain, and reduced urine output over the past day. Which condition should be suspected?

Which of the following is the priority in managing a patient identified as having “Red Flag Sepsis”?

What is a key physiological characteristic of septicemic shock?

If a patient with sepsis has a lactate level of >2mmol/L, what immediate intervention is indicated alongside aiming for oxygen saturations >94%?

A patient presents with shock and coma, but initial examination reveals no obvious signs of infection. What condition should be highly suspected?

Which of the following thyroid cancers is associated with the poorest prognosis?

In the absence of recent chemotherapy, which amber and red flags are measured using the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool?

A patient is suspected of having sepsis, but is managed in primary care. According to safety netting advice, if their condition gradually worsens in front of you, what action should be taken?

Surgical drains are typically placed after thyroid surgery for what primary purpose?

When is the most appropriate time to remove surgical drains following a thyroidectomy?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a potential cause of acute confusional state (ACS) in primary care?

Which of the following presentations would be considered a 'Red Flag' symptom requiring urgent action regarding potential sepsis?

According to the 'Give (3) and Take (3)' management strategy for sepsis, what is the immediate oxygen saturation target?

According to the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool, which findings would be categorized as an 'Amber Flag'?

A patient presents with a suspected infection and appears generally unwell. According to the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool, what action should be taken?

A patient presents with recent onset slurred speech, severe muscle pain, and reduced urine output over the past day. Which condition should be suspected?

What is the priority in managing a patient identified as having 'Red Flag Sepsis'?

In a patient with sepsis and a lactate level >2mmol/L, what immediate intervention is indicated besides aiming for oxygen saturations >94%?

A patient presents with sudden onset shock and coma with no obvious signs of infection. What condition should be highly suspected?

Which type of thyroid cancer is generally associated with the worst prognosis?

A patient is suspected of having sepsis and is being managed in primary care. If their condition is not improving and gradually worsens while you are assessing them, what is the appropriate action to take?

Which of the following statements regarding intraoperative placement of surgical drains after thyroidectomies is the MOST accurate?

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of acute confusional state (ACS) in primary care settings?

According to the "Give (3) and Take (3)" management strategy for sepsis, what is the immediate target for oxygen saturation?

A patient exhibits signs of severe breathlessness, severe muscle pain and has not passed urine in the last 24 hours. What condition should be primarily suspected?

What is the primary goal of surgical drain placement after thyroid surgery?

Which of the following conditions would be classified as a 'Red Flag' according to the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool?

A patient presents with sudden onset shock and coma, but there are no obvious signs of infection. Which of the following should be suspected?

Which of the following thyroid cancers generally has the best prognosis?

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with signs and symptoms related to safety-netting advice for sepsis?

In a patient with suspected sepsis and a lactate level greater than 2 mmol/L, what immediate intervention is indicated in addition to aiming for oxygen saturations >94%?

A patient presents with a suspected infection and generally 'looks very unwell'. According to the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool, which action should be prioritized?

A patient is suspected of having sepsis and is being managed in primary care. According to safety netting advice, which scenario requires immediate escalation to emergency services?

Which finding would be categorized as an 'Amber Flag' according to the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool?

What is the primary reason why endotoxin induced vasodilation is dangerous in septicaemic shock?

Which of the following presentations is categorized as a 'Red Flag' symptom requiring urgent action with regards to potential sepsis?

Which of the following thyroid cancers is generally considered to have the most favorable prognosis?

What is the primary reason for placing surgical drains after a thyroidectomy?

Surgical drains placed during a thyroidectomy are typically removed when:

Which of the following is least likely to cause acute confusional state (ACS) in primary care?

A patient presents with a suspected infection. According to the GDP Sepsis Decision Support Tool, which finding would be categorized as an 'Amber Flag'?

A patient exhibits signs of recent onset slurred speach severe muscle pain, and has not urinates for a day. Which condition should be suspected?

Which of the following is the priority in managing a patient identified as having 'Red Flag Sepsis'?

A patient presents with sudden onset shock and coma, but initial examination reveals no obvious signs of infection. What condition should be suspected?

A patient is suspected of having sepsis and is being managed in primary care. According to safety netting advice, if their condition gradually worsens while you are assessing them, what is the appropriate action to take?

During septicaemic shock, what physiological process primarily contribute to the life-threatening decrease in blood pressure, even in the absence of overt clinical signs of infection?