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Questions and Answers
What is the main method used to diagnose genital herpes?
What is the main method used to diagnose genital herpes?
What is the primary cause of genital warts?
What is the primary cause of genital warts?
What is the main symptom of vulvovaginal candidiasis?
What is the main symptom of vulvovaginal candidiasis?
What is the primary treatment for trichomoniasis?
What is the primary treatment for trichomoniasis?
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What is the relationship between genital warts and cancer?
What is the relationship between genital warts and cancer?
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What is the primary cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men?
What is the primary cause of nongonococcal urethritis in men?
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What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
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Which part of the male reproductive system carries seminal fluid out of the body?
Which part of the male reproductive system carries seminal fluid out of the body?
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What is the primary cause of gonorrhea?
What is the primary cause of gonorrhea?
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Which of the following is a complication of untreated gonorrhea in women?
Which of the following is a complication of untreated gonorrhea in women?
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What is the primary cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?
What is the primary cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)?
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How is gonorrhea typically diagnosed?
How is gonorrhea typically diagnosed?
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What is the primary method of diagnosis for Chlamydia trachomatis infection?
What is the primary method of diagnosis for Chlamydia trachomatis infection?
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What is the causative agent of Syphilis?
What is the causative agent of Syphilis?
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What is the primary bacterium responsible for Bacterial Vaginosis?
What is the primary bacterium responsible for Bacterial Vaginosis?
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What is the treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis?
What is the treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis?
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What is the mode of transmission for Syphilis?
What is the mode of transmission for Syphilis?
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What is the effect of Congenital Syphilis on newborns?
What is the effect of Congenital Syphilis on newborns?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Leptospirosis from animals to humans?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leptospirosis from animals to humans?
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What is the recommended antibiotic for the treatment of Leptospirosis?
What is the recommended antibiotic for the treatment of Leptospirosis?
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Why are females more prone to Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)?
Why are females more prone to Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)?
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What is the primary bacterium responsible for Pyelonephritis?
What is the primary bacterium responsible for Pyelonephritis?
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What is the characteristic symptoms of Cystitis?
What is the characteristic symptoms of Cystitis?
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What is the purpose of a Gram stain in the diagnosis of Pyelonephritis?
What is the purpose of a Gram stain in the diagnosis of Pyelonephritis?
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What is the fatality rate of Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndrome, a severe form of Leptospirosis?
What is the fatality rate of Pulmonary Hemorrhagic Syndrome, a severe form of Leptospirosis?
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Study Notes
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
- Chlamydia trachomatis causes NGU (nongonococcal urethritis), which is characterized by painful urination and a watery discharge.
- C. trachomatis can be transmitted to infants' eyes at birth.
- Diagnosis is based on detection of chlamydial DNA in urine.
- Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium also cause NGU.
Syphilis
- Caused by Treponema pallidum, a gram-negative spirochete.
- Primary stage: initial sign is a small, hard-based chancre, or sore.
- Bacteria enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system, distributing them widely in the body.
- Secondary stage: oral sores and skin rashes, loss of patches of hair, malaise, and mild fever.
- Tertiary stage: affects many tissues and organs.
- Congenital syphilis: results from T. pallidum crossing the placenta during the latent period, causing neurological damage in the newborn.
- Syphilis is transmitted by sexual contact and can be treated with antibiotics.
Bacterial Vaginosis
- Caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, which decreases the number of vaginal Lactobacillus.
- Diagnosis is based on the presence of clue cells.
- Treatment is primarily by metronidazole.
Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
Genital Herpes
- Caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2).
- Symptoms: painful urination, genital irritation, and fluid-filled vesicles.
- The virus might enter a latent stage in nerve cells, and vesicles reappear following trauma and hormonal changes.
- Neonatal herpes: contracted during fetal development or birth, resulting in neurological damage or infant fatalities.
- Diagnosis: culture of the virus from a vesicle, PCR.
- No cure, but treatment is available with antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir.
Genital Warts
- Caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV).
- Serotypes 6 and 11 cause visible genital warts, while types 16 and 18 cause cervical cancer.
- Disease is transmitted sexually.
- Available methods, such as surgery or cryotherapy, are not as effective against genital warts.
Fungal Disease of the Reproductive Systems
Candidiasis
- Caused by Candida albicans, which causes nongonococcal urethritis in men and vulvovaginal candidiasis, or yeast infection, in women.
- Symptoms: lesions that produce itching and irritation.
- Predisposing factors: pregnancy, diabetes, and broad-spectrum antibacterial chemotherapy.
- Diagnosis is based on observation of the fungus and its isolation from lesions.
- Treatment: topical application of antifungal drugs, such as clotrimazole and miconazole.
Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive Systems
Trichomoniasis
- Caused by the anaerobic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis.
- Symptoms: greenish yellow discharge with a foul odor, irritation, and itching.
- Diagnosis is based on observation of the protozoa in purulent discharges from the site of infection.
- Treatment is by oral metronidazole.
Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
- The female reproductive system consists of two ovaries, two uterine tubes, the uterus, the cervix, the vagina, and the external genitals.
- The ovaries produce female sex hormones and ova (eggs).
- The male reproductive system consists of two testes, ducts, accessory glands, and the penis; seminal fluid leaves the male body through the urethra.
Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems
Gonorrhea
- Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus.
- Symptoms in men: painful urination and pus discharge.
- Blockage of the urethra and sterility are complications of untreated cases.
- Women may be asymptomatic unless the infection spreads to the uterus and uterine tubes.
- Complications: gonorrheal endocarditis, gonorrheal meningitis, and gonorrheal arthritis.
- Ophthalmia neonatorum: an eye infection acquired by infants during passage through the birth canal of an infected mother.
- Diagnosis: ELISA or Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs).
- Treatment: antibiotics.
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
Cystitis
- Inflammation of the urinary bladder, common in females.
- Symptoms: dysuria (difficult, painful, urgent urination) and pyuria.
- The female urethra is less than 2 inches long, making it closer to the anus and its contaminating intestinal bacteria.
- Most common etiologies: E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
- Diagnosis: isolation and identification of bacteria.
- Treatment: antibacterial drugs.
Pyelonephritis
- Inflammation of the kidneys, usually a complication of lower urinary tract infections.
- Symptoms: fever and flank or back pain.
- About 75% of pyelonephritis cases are caused by E. coli.
- Pyelonephritis generally results in bacteremia.
- Diagnosis: blood cultures and a Gram stain of the urine for bacteria.
- Treatment: broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as second- or third-generation cephalosporin.
Leptospirosis
- Primarily a disease of domestic or wild animals, but can be transmitted to humans and cause severe kidney or liver disease.
- Caused by the spirochete Leptospira interrogans.
- Disease is transmitted to humans by contact with urine-contaminated water.
- Symptoms: chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches.
- An emerging form of leptospirosis is pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome, with a fatality rate of 50%.
- Diagnosis: serological test.
- Treatment: doxycycline (tetracycline).
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Description
This quiz covers symptoms and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections such as Chlamydia, Syphilis, and NGU. It also discusses the causes and characteristics of these infections.
