Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the potential severity classification for hypernatremia?
What is the potential severity classification for hypernatremia?
- Severe if greater than 170 mEq/L (correct)
- Mild if between 120 - 130 mEq/L
- Critical if less than 135 mEq/L
- Moderate if between 140 - 160 mEq/L
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of hypernatremia?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of hypernatremia?
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Excessive sweating
- Diarrhea
- Chronic kidney disease (correct)
What is the normal range for sodium levels in mEq/L?
What is the normal range for sodium levels in mEq/L?
- 150 - 160 mEq/L
- 120 - 130 mEq/L
- 130 - 145 mEq/L (correct)
- 145 - 155 mEq/L
Which symptom is associated with hypernatremia?
Which symptom is associated with hypernatremia?
What is the therapeutic range for Prothrombin Time (PT)?
What is the therapeutic range for Prothrombin Time (PT)?
What fluid is considered the choice for treating hypernatremia?
What fluid is considered the choice for treating hypernatremia?
What is a characteristic EKG change associated with hypokalemia?
What is a characteristic EKG change associated with hypokalemia?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypercalcemia?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypercalcemia?
Which dietary option is most likely to help manage hypokalemia?
Which dietary option is most likely to help manage hypokalemia?
Which medication would most likely be used as a treatment for hypercalcemia?
Which medication would most likely be used as a treatment for hypercalcemia?
What does the QT Interval indicate when it is wide in a patient?
What does the QT Interval indicate when it is wide in a patient?
Which of the following medications is specifically indicated for potassium supplementation?
Which of the following medications is specifically indicated for potassium supplementation?
What symptom is most commonly associated with hypokalemia?
What symptom is most commonly associated with hypokalemia?
When should K-LOR be taken to maximize its effectiveness?
When should K-LOR be taken to maximize its effectiveness?
What is a recognized effect of sorbitol as mentioned in the management of hypercalcemia?
What is a recognized effect of sorbitol as mentioned in the management of hypercalcemia?
Which diagnostic test is primarily useful to assess cardiac electrical activity?
Which diagnostic test is primarily useful to assess cardiac electrical activity?
What is the normal range for Ejection Fraction in percentage?
What is the normal range for Ejection Fraction in percentage?
Which medication is primarily used for pain relief in the management of myocardial infarction?
Which medication is primarily used for pain relief in the management of myocardial infarction?
What is the maximum duration for administering Thrombolytics after a myocardial infarction?
What is the maximum duration for administering Thrombolytics after a myocardial infarction?
What complication is characterized by a reduced ability of the heart to pump effectively after a myocardial infarction?
What complication is characterized by a reduced ability of the heart to pump effectively after a myocardial infarction?
Which of the following is the antidote for Morphine?
Which of the following is the antidote for Morphine?
Which of the following risk factors is associated with thrombus formation due to decreased heart pumping quality?
Which of the following risk factors is associated with thrombus formation due to decreased heart pumping quality?
What is the consequence of myocardial damage that can lead to the rupture of myocardium?
What is the consequence of myocardial damage that can lead to the rupture of myocardium?
What is the primary function of thrombolytics like TPA in the context of myocardial infarction?
What is the primary function of thrombolytics like TPA in the context of myocardial infarction?
What primary action do ACE inhibitors have on the body?
What primary action do ACE inhibitors have on the body?
Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?
Which medication is classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic?
Which medication is classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic?
What is a potential adverse effect when using ACE inhibitors?
What is a potential adverse effect when using ACE inhibitors?
Which combination of drugs can be found in 'Aldactazide'?
Which combination of drugs can be found in 'Aldactazide'?
What condition is most significantly prevented by the use of ARBs?
What condition is most significantly prevented by the use of ARBs?
Which of the following diuretics combines with hydrocodone for a potassium-sparing effect?
Which of the following diuretics combines with hydrocodone for a potassium-sparing effect?
What is the primary purpose of thiazide diuretics in treating hypertension?
What is the primary purpose of thiazide diuretics in treating hypertension?
What is the therapeutic range for Activated PTT?
What is the therapeutic range for Activated PTT?
Which of the following is identified as a treatment of choice for hyponatremia?
Which of the following is identified as a treatment of choice for hyponatremia?
What should be avoided to prevent excessive bleeding in relation to APTT values?
What should be avoided to prevent excessive bleeding in relation to APTT values?
What is the standard preparation for serum cholesterol testing?
What is the standard preparation for serum cholesterol testing?
What signifies the need for immediate medical attention concerning potassium levels?
What signifies the need for immediate medical attention concerning potassium levels?
What physiological condition can lead to elevated APTT?
What physiological condition can lead to elevated APTT?
Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperkalemia in EKG readings?
Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperkalemia in EKG readings?
Which of the following can lead to altered mental status that affects hydration status?
Which of the following can lead to altered mental status that affects hydration status?
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Study Notes
Serum Electrolytes Overview
-
Hypernatremia: Sodium levels greater than 145 mEq/L.
- Mild to Moderate classification depends on severity.
- Causes include excessive sweating, diabetes insipidus, and diarrhea.
- Symptoms: lethargy, agitation, seizures, coma.
- Fluid of choice: Hypotonic solutions.
-
Hyponatremia: Sodium levels below 135 mEq/L.
- Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss, altered mental status.
- Fluid of choice: Hypertonic solutions.
- Treatment of choice: ADH - Conivaptan.
-
Hyperkalemia: Potassium levels above 5.1 mEq/L.
- EKG changes: ST elevation, wide QRS, tall tented T-waves.
- Symptoms: fatigue, irregular heart rate.
- Medications: IV calcium, bicarbonate, insulin + glucose, Kayexalate, diuretics, dialysis (gold standard).
-
Hypokalemia: Potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L.
- EKG changes: prominent U wave, ST depression.
- Symptoms: irregular heart rate, decreased deep tendon reflexes.
- Diet rich in potassium: apricot, banana, cantaloupe.
- Medications: Kalium Durule, K-LOR.
-
Hypercalcemia: Calcium levels above 10.5 mg/dL.
- EKG changes: narrow QT interval.
- Symptoms: constipation, muscle weakness, stones.
- Management includes diuretics and calcitonin.
-
Hypocalcemia: Calcium levels below 8.5 mg/dL.
- EKG changes: wide QT interval.
- Symptoms: Chvostek's sign, Trousseau’s sign, tetany, seizures.
- Management includes calcium supplementation and non-weight bearing exercises.
Diagnostic Tests for Cardiac Health
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Monitors health and heart integrity.
- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): Normal ranges are 15-20 mm/hr for males and 20-30 mm/hr for females.
- Prothrombin Time (PT): Normal range is 11-16 seconds; therapeutic range for anticoagulation is 1.5-2.0 times normal.
- Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT): Normal range is 60-70 seconds; therapeutic range is 2.0-2.5 times normal.
- Activated PTT (APTT): More specific than PTT; used for coagulation studies.
Cardiac Management Protocols
-
Management for Myocardial Infarction (MI):
- Pain relief with Morphine to decrease cardiac demand for oxygen.
- Thrombolytics (TPA) administered within 4-6 hours for MI; 2-4 hours for stroke.
- Antidote for TPA: Aminocaproic Acid.
-
MONA TASS Protocol:
- Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin, Thrombolytics, Anticoagulants, Statins for MI management.
Complications of Cardiac Events
- Cardiogenic Shock: Pump failure leading to inadequate perfusion.
- Thromboembolism: Formation of a thrombus due to poor cardiac function, particularly in patients with atrial fibrillation.
- Rupture of Myocardium: Injury-related rupture of heart muscle.
- Adverse Effects of ACE Inhibitors: Hyperkalemia, cough, headache, with examples including amiloride and spironolactone.
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