Serum Electrolytes and CBC Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the potential severity classification for hypernatremia?

Severe if greater than 170 mEq/L (correct)

Mild if between 120 - 130 mEq/L

Critical if less than 135 mEq/L

Moderate if between 140 - 160 mEq/L

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of hypernatremia?

Diabetes Insipidus

Excessive sweating

Diarrhea

Chronic kidney disease (correct)

What is the normal range for sodium levels in mEq/L?

150 - 160 mEq/L

120 - 130 mEq/L

130 - 145 mEq/L (correct)

145 - 155 mEq/L

Which symptom is associated with hypernatremia?

Lethargy Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for Prothrombin Time (PT)?

1.5 - 2.0 Times Normal Signup and view all the answers

What fluid is considered the choice for treating hypernatremia?

Hypotonic solution Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic EKG change associated with hypokalemia?

Prominent U Wave Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with hypercalcemia?

Laryngospasm Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary option is most likely to help manage hypokalemia?

Bananas Signup and view all the answers

Which medication would most likely be used as a treatment for hypercalcemia?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

What does the QT Interval indicate when it is wide in a patient?

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is specifically indicated for potassium supplementation?

Kalium Durule Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most commonly associated with hypokalemia?

Irregular Heart Rate Signup and view all the answers

When should K-LOR be taken to maximize its effectiveness?

With food Signup and view all the answers

What is a recognized effect of sorbitol as mentioned in the management of hypercalcemia?

Causes constipation Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is primarily useful to assess cardiac electrical activity?

EKG Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Ejection Fraction in percentage?

50 - 70 % Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used for pain relief in the management of myocardial infarction?

Morphine Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum duration for administering Thrombolytics after a myocardial infarction?

4-6 hours Signup and view all the answers

What complication is characterized by a reduced ability of the heart to pump effectively after a myocardial infarction?

Cardiogenic Shock Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the antidote for Morphine?

Naloxone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following risk factors is associated with thrombus formation due to decreased heart pumping quality?

Atrial Fibrillation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of myocardial damage that can lead to the rupture of myocardium?

Infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thrombolytics like TPA in the context of myocardial infarction?

Dissolve blood clots Signup and view all the answers

What primary action do ACE inhibitors have on the body?

Inhibit the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?

Headache Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic?

Amiloride Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect when using ACE inhibitors?

Cough Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of drugs can be found in 'Aldactazide'?

Spironolactone and Hydrochlorothiazide Signup and view all the answers

What condition is most significantly prevented by the use of ARBs?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diuretics combines with hydrocodone for a potassium-sparing effect?

Spironolactone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of thiazide diuretics in treating hypertension?

To decrease blood volume and peripheral resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for Activated PTT?

2.0 - 2.5 x Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is identified as a treatment of choice for hyponatremia?

ADH - Conivaptan Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to prevent excessive bleeding in relation to APTT values?

Using a safety razor Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard preparation for serum cholesterol testing?

Fasting 8-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What signifies the need for immediate medical attention concerning potassium levels?

Tall, Tented, Peak T-Waves Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition can lead to elevated APTT?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperkalemia in EKG readings?

ST Elevation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to altered mental status that affects hydration status?

Excessive Vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Serum Electrolytes Overview

Hypernatremia: Sodium levels greater than 145 mEq/L.
- Mild to Moderate classification depends on severity.
- Causes include excessive sweating, diabetes insipidus, and diarrhea.
- Symptoms: lethargy, agitation, seizures, coma.
- Fluid of choice: Hypotonic solutions.
Hyponatremia: Sodium levels below 135 mEq/L.
- Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss, altered mental status.
- Fluid of choice: Hypertonic solutions.
- Treatment of choice: ADH - Conivaptan.
Hyperkalemia: Potassium levels above 5.1 mEq/L.
- EKG changes: ST elevation, wide QRS, tall tented T-waves.
- Symptoms: fatigue, irregular heart rate.
- Medications: IV calcium, bicarbonate, insulin + glucose, Kayexalate, diuretics, dialysis (gold standard).
Hypokalemia: Potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L.
- EKG changes: prominent U wave, ST depression.
- Symptoms: irregular heart rate, decreased deep tendon reflexes.
- Diet rich in potassium: apricot, banana, cantaloupe.
- Medications: Kalium Durule, K-LOR.
Hypercalcemia: Calcium levels above 10.5 mg/dL.
- EKG changes: narrow QT interval.
- Symptoms: constipation, muscle weakness, stones.
- Management includes diuretics and calcitonin.
Hypocalcemia: Calcium levels below 8.5 mg/dL.
- EKG changes: wide QT interval.
- Symptoms: Chvostek's sign, Trousseau’s sign, tetany, seizures.
- Management includes calcium supplementation and non-weight bearing exercises.

Diagnostic Tests for Cardiac Health

Complete Blood Count (CBC): Monitors health and heart integrity.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): Normal ranges are 15-20 mm/hr for males and 20-30 mm/hr for females.
Prothrombin Time (PT): Normal range is 11-16 seconds; therapeutic range for anticoagulation is 1.5-2.0 times normal.
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT): Normal range is 60-70 seconds; therapeutic range is 2.0-2.5 times normal.
Activated PTT (APTT): More specific than PTT; used for coagulation studies.

Cardiac Management Protocols

Management for Myocardial Infarction (MI):
- Pain relief with Morphine to decrease cardiac demand for oxygen.
- Thrombolytics (TPA) administered within 4-6 hours for MI; 2-4 hours for stroke.
- Antidote for TPA: Aminocaproic Acid.
MONA TASS Protocol:
- Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin, Thrombolytics, Anticoagulants, Statins for MI management.

Complications of Cardiac Events

Cardiogenic Shock: Pump failure leading to inadequate perfusion.
Thromboembolism: Formation of a thrombus due to poor cardiac function, particularly in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Rupture of Myocardium: Injury-related rupture of heart muscle.
Adverse Effects of ACE Inhibitors: Hyperkalemia, cough, headache, with examples including amiloride and spironolactone.

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Description

Test your knowledge on serum electrolytes and complete blood count (CBC) metrics. This quiz covers essential concepts such as hypernatremia classifications and the normal ranges for ESR in males and females. Perfect for students in healthcare-related fields.