Serological Reactions and Immune Responses Quiz

An antibody test that identifies the presence of Rh antigens on red blood cells by observing the agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells.

A serological reaction that uses hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) as an indicator to detect the presence of antibodies.

A local type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by the binding of antigens and antibodies in the vascular wall and surrounding tissues, triggering an inflammatory response and tissue damage.

The process by which antibodies attach to pathogens, making them more easily recognized and engulfed by phagocytic cells like macrophages and neutrophils.

A laboratory test that measures the strength of the binding between an antibody and its specific antigen.

Proteins that enhance phagocytosis by binding to pathogens and marking them for engulfment by immune cells.

The decavalent antibody, meaning it has 10 antigen-binding sites.

White blood cells that are essential for defending against parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

Immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation and tissue damage. This often involves the complement system.

A condition involving antibody-mediated immune complex deposition, often associated with infections or drugs.

The initial antibody produced in a humoral immune response, followed by a class switch to other isotypes like IgG, IgA, and IgE.

An immune reaction characterized by a delayed response (48-72 hours) involving T cells, commonly seen in tuberculosis testing.

T cells that have encountered an antigen and are sensitized to it, meaning they can recognize and react to that antigen upon re-exposure.

The stage in hypersensitivity development where the immune system produces specific antibodies against the antigen.

Chemical messengers released by mast cells and basophils, responsible for the immediate inflammatory response in allergies.

The administration of pre-formed antibodies to provide immediate protection against a specific pathogen, like rabies or tetanus.

Immune response that depends on the presence of sensitized T cells, rather than antibodies.

An antibody class that persists in the blood long after an infection, indicating past exposure and possibly immunity.

A method used to stimulate the immune system by introducing antigens in a controlled manner, leading to active immunity.

An assay that utilizes enzymes to detect and quantify the levels of cytokines in blood serum, a valuable tool in studying immune responses.

Mature lymphocytes that have not yet encountered their specific antigen and therefore haven't been activated.

The step in phagocytosis where phagocytes physically attach to the target particle, preparing for engulfment.

The branch of the immune system that provides an immediate, non-specific response to pathogens, involving cells like NK cells, macrophages, and neutrophils.

The body's immune system recognizes foreign substances (antigens) on tissues from a different individual, triggering an immune response to reject them.

A type of vaccine that uses weakened but live versions of the pathogen to induce immunity. The weakened pathogen can't cause the disease but stimulates the immune response.

A type of white blood cell that is often the first responder to infection. They are characterized by their distinctive granules when viewed under a microscope.

Specialized white blood cells that produce vast quantities of antibodies (immunoglobulins) to fight infections. They are the antibody factories of the immune system.

A type of immunity that is gained by receiving pre-formed antibodies from an external source, such as serum. It provides immediate protection but is only temporary.

The liver takes on this vital role during fetal development, producing blood cells until the bone marrow is mature enough.

Special cells, like dendritic cells, which capture antigens and present them to T cells in the context of MHC molecules, initiating the adaptive immune response.

A type of lymphocyte that recognizes and targets specific antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells.

The process of white blood cell development and maturation, primarily occurring in the bone marrow.

Type I hypersensitivity is an IgE-mediated immune response that involves an immediate reaction to allergens, typically causing symptoms like sneezing, hives, and difficulty breathing.

The precise interaction between antigens and antibodies, which allows the immune system to specifically target and neutralize foreign substances.

A type of antibody that plays a crucial role in atopic disorders, mediating allergic reactions by binding to allergens and triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

Wite blood cell counts are typically expressed as percentages in differential leukocyte analysis, providing information about the relative abundance of different white blood cell types.

Urticaria, also known as hives, is a common manifestation of type I hypersensitivity, characterized by itchy, red welts that appear on the skin.

Aluminum salts, used as adjuvants in some vaccines, enhance the immune response to antigens by promoting inflammation and stimulating a stronger immune response.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a serious condition that occurs when maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells, leading to anemia and other complications.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn, a condition resulting from maternal-fetal Rh incompatibility, falls under type II hypersensitivity, which involves antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions.

Type IV hypersensitivity stands out as a cell-mediated response, unlike other types that rely primarily on antibody-mediated mechanisms. It is characterized by a delayed reaction involving T cells.

Type II hypersensitivity, which involves antibody-mediated cytotoxicity, is mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies, which bind to target cells and trigger their destruction by complement or other immune effector mechanisms.

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a serious complication that occurs when immune cells from a donor (graft) attack recipient (host) cells. In GvHD, the antigen interacts with T helper cells, triggering a cascade of immune responses that can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

Immediate hypersensitivity, characterized by rapid reactions to allergens, is mediated by humoral immunity, which involves antibody-mediated immune responses.

Immunological memory is a critical aspect of adaptive immunity, allowing the immune system to mount more rapid and robust responses to previously encountered antigens. It relies on memory B and T cells, which are long-lived cells that retain the ability to recognize and respond to specific antigens upon re-exposure.

Naive T lymphocytes are unactivated T cells that have not yet encountered their specific antigen. They are primed to differentiate into effector T cells, either CD8+ cytotoxic T cells or CD4+ helper T cells, upon activation by antigen presentation.

Antibody-dependent cytotoxic allergic reactions, as categorized under type II hypersensitivity, involve antibodies that bind to target cells, leading to their destruction by complement or other immune effector mechanisms. This type of hypersensitivity plays a role in conditions such as blood transfusion reactions and autoimmune disorders.

ABO blood group incompatibility, a common cause of transfusion reactions, falls under type II hypersensitivity. It occurs when antibodies in the recipient's plasma attack antigens on the donor's red blood cells, leading to hemolysis and other complications.

Live attenuated vaccines, which contain weakened forms of the pathogen, often require booster doses to maintain long-term immunity. This is because live attenuated vaccines stimulate a robust but ultimately transient immune response.