Serial vs. Parallel Transmission
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary elements of communication mentioned in the text?

  • Sender, receiver, information, channel
  • Transmitter, receiver, code, conductor
  • Source, destination, data, medium (correct)
  • Encoder, decoder, signal, frequency

    • What are the media used in data communications according to the text?

  • Wireless connections, data cables, satellite transmission
  • Copper connections, fiber-optic cabling, audio waves
  • Radio waves, air medium, sound waves
  • Electrical conductors, light pipes, electromagnetic transmission (correct)

    • What is the purpose of communication according to the text?

  • To encode information for secure transmission
  • To transmit data from the source to the destination(s) (correct)
  • To convert data into audio waves
  • To organize data into information

    • What does the text mention about data organization?

    <p>Data itself is useless unless organized, at which time it becomes information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between EBCDIC and ASCII in terms of error detection?

    <p>EBCDIC uses CRCC for error detection, while ASCII uses parity bit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many characters were used for error detection out of the 256 characters available in IBM 4 of 8 Code?

    <p>About 70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the signal when parity is used in ASCII?

    <p>9 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of B5 in determining the case of a character in ASCII?

    <p>It determines whether the character is uppercase or lowercase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a lower case letter obtained from an upper case value in hex?

    <p>$hexValue + 20$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are used for each character in IBM 4 of 8 Code?

    <p>8 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main storage medium when ASCII was first developed?

    <p>Paper tape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the first interface problems of the PC age?

    <p>PC-to-mainframe communications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem arises when using only 7 bits plus 1 bit for parity with ASCII?

    <p>Eighth bit isn't available for transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EBCDIC use blank spaces for?

    <p>Special or graphic characters particular to the device using them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was used as a translator for PC-to-mainframe communications?

    <p>Software program or firmware in a protocol converter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the technological advantages leading to elimination of using B7 bit for parity in ASCII?

    <p>Advantages of using an 8-bit data byte for sending program code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance known as?

    <p>Ohm’s Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the opposition a conductor offers to a changing current value as well as the steady state resistance?

    <p>Impedance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange?

    <p>ASCII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code" is abbreviated as?

    <p>EBCDIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "IBM 4 of 8 Code" allowed how many of the 256 bit combinations available with an 8-bit code?

    <p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used industrial communications standard?

    <p>4–20 mA signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization established a current loop as a standard due to its low impedance and greater immunity to noise?

    <p>The ISA50 committee (ISA-50.01 standard)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fieldbus standards are primarily used in process control according to IEC 61158?

    <p>PROFIBUS PA and FOUNDATION Fieldbus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethernet continues to gain market share and acceptance in automation areas primarily for providing what services?

    <p>Networking services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EIA stand for?

    <p>Electronic Industries Alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology in data communications typically consists of a master station and slave stations?

    <p>Multi-drop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In data communications, how is simplex mode defined?

    <p>Allows for communication in one direction only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between serial and parallel transmission?

    <p>Transmission speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge faced by parallel transmission over long distances?

    <p>Synchronization difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cross-talk in data communications lead to?

    <p>Unwanted transfer of data between channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a communications channel refer to in data communications?

    <p>Physical connection between devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between serial and parallel transmission?

    <p>Parallel transmission uses multiple media channels, while serial transmission uses one channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are digital signals defined?

    <p>Digital signals have discrete states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two states of each bit in binary digital signals?

    <p>'1' or '0'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are signals organized to make data useful to humans?

    <p>Signals are organized into patterns of bits called codings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an analog signal?

    <p>A continuous signal representing a time-varying quantity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example represents an analog signal?

    <p>The 4–20 mA current loop signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary elements of communication mentioned in the text?

    <p>Transmitter, receiver, and medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange?

    <p>ANSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem arises when using only 7 bits plus 1 bit for parity with ASCII?

    <p>Limited character representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text mention about data organization?

    <p>Data itself is useless unless organized, at which time it becomes information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topology in data communications typically consists of a master station and slave stations?

    <p>Multi-drop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of communication allows for communication in either direction, but not at the same time?

    <p>Half-duplex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between serial and parallel transmission?

    <p>Serial transmission transmits data one bit after the other, while parallel transmission transmits multiple bits simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem arises with parallel transmission that increases with signaling rate and makes obtaining a faster data rate challenging?

    <p>Cross-talk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes simplex communication in data communications?

    <p>It occurs only in one direction, never in the opposite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names "simplex" and "parallel" sometimes confusingly referred to as?

    <p>Unidirectional and bidirectional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge faced by parallel transmission over long distances?

    <p>Difficulty in maintaining data reception over distance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes duplex communication in data communications?

    <p>It enables simultaneous communication in both directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes point-to-point topology in data communications?

    <p>It is a direct communication between two points, no ranking involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between half-duplex and full-duplex modes of communication?

    <p>Full-duplex enables simultaneous communication in both directions, while half-duplex does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between networked and multi-drop topologies?

    <p>Networked topology consists of three or more stations connected by a common medium, while multi-drop topology involves a master station with slave stations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transmission uses multiple media channels and is faster than serial transmission for data transmissions within a computer cabinet?

    <p>Parallel transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonly used industrial communications standard for process measurement and control that uses 4-20 milliamperes of electrical current to represent a 0-100% range of a specified quantity?

    <p>4-20 mA current loop signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the representation of a signal that organizes data in a human-readable form?

    <p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ASCII stand for?

    <p>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of signal represents quantities at any value between a specified set of upper and lower limits?

    <p>Analog signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two states of each bit in binary digital signals?

    <p>High/Low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohm ( ext{Ω})</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EIA stand for in the context of data communications?

    <p>Electronic Industries Alliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the opposition a conductor offers to a changing current value as well as the steady state resistance?

    <p>Impedance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the number systems in which digital signals are used?

    <p>Binary, octal, and hexadecimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization established a current loop as a standard due to its low impedance and greater immunity to noise?

    <p>ANSI (American National Standards Institute)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance known as?

    <p>Ohm's Law ($E (volts) = I (amps) \times R (ohms)$)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange?

    <p>ASCII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between EBCDIC and ASCII in terms of error detection?

    <p>EBCDIC uses a cyclic redundancy check character for error detection, while ASCII uses a parity bit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the first digital communications codes designed by IBM?

    <p>IBM 4 of 8 Code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code' is abbreviated as?

    <p>'EBCDIC'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Standard signals allow users to pick and choose among vendors with the confidence that the inputs and outputs will be compatible.' This statement primarily refers to which concept?

    <p>'Interoperability'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

    <p>Ohms (Ω)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of data organization designed for interface with humans known as?

    <p>'Communications codes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EIA stand for in the context of data communications?

    <p>'Electronic Industries Alliance'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the parity bit in ASCII?

    <p>To detect errors in the transmitted data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for eliminating the need to use the B7 bit for parity in ASCII?

    <p>Technological advantages of using an 8-bit data byte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between ASCII and EBCDIC in terms of error detection?

    <p>ASCII uses a parity bit, while EBCDIC uses CRCC for error detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was used as a translator for PC-to-mainframe communications?

    <p>Software program or firmware in a protocol converter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem arises when using only 7 bits plus 1 bit for parity with ASCII?

    <p>The eighth bit isn't available for use in transmitting program instruction coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EBCDIC use blank spaces for?

    <p>To represent special or graphic characters particular to the device using them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of B5 in determining the case of a character in ASCII?

    <p>It distinguishes between upper and lower case characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are used for each character in EBCDIC?

    <p>8 bits plus 1 bit for parity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using an 8-bit data byte in ASCII?

    <p>To transmit program code effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization developed the Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)?

    <p>International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason behind using a ninth bit for parity when transmitting program instruction coding with ASCII?

    <p>To provide additional error detection capability during transmission of program instruction coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which code does not make use of letter frequencies and uses a numerically arranged code?

    <p>Baudot Code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Figure 1-4 depicts the difference between serial and parallel signals in transmission. Parallel transmission uses multiple media channels and transmits all bits faster compared to serial transmission that uses one channel.

    • Digital signals are defined as those with discrete states. In binary digital signals, each bit has two states: '1' or '0'.

    • Signals are organized into patterns of bits called codings to make data useful to humans. Text data is coded and stored as information.

    • A standard signal is a coding with approval from users or standardization agencies, specifying a way to organize data.

    • An analog signal is a continuous signal representing a time-varying quantity. The 4–20 mA current loop signal is an example, representing 0% to 100% of the range.

    • In data communication, various standard signals are used, including the 4–20 mA standard instrument signal for process measurement and control.

    • Serial and parallel transmission methods have their advantages and disadvantages based on the number of media channels used and the transmission speed.

    • Serial transmission is widely used for data transmission outside the computer cabinet, while parallel transmission is mostly replaced by USB and other technological advances.

    • Modern data transmission systems use binary digital signals organized into various protocols and application programming interfaces.

    • There are three main classifications for digital signals: standard, open, and proprietary. The book will focus on a few organizations of digital signals.

    • The text explicitly discusses the process measurement and control signal standard (4-20mA) and its relationship to temperature and other engineering value measurements.

    • Digital signals have defined discrete states and are used in all number systems, including binary, octal, and hexadecimal.

    • Parallel transmission uses multiple media channels and is faster than serial transmission for data transmissions within a computer cabinet, but is being replaced by technologies like USB due to synchrony issues.

    • Serial transmission uses one media channel and is slower but more common for data transmissions outside of the computer cabinet.

    • Binary signals have two states, and are used in contemporary data transmission systems as the signaling means due to their simplicity.

    • Codings are a generally understood representation of a signal and are used to organize data in a human-readable form.

    • American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is an example of a text coding, and standard signals are approved by users or standardization agencies.

    • An analog signal is a continuous signal representing quantities at any value between a specified set of upper and lower limits and is contrasted with binary digital signals.

    • The 4-20 mA current loop signal is a commonly used industrial communications standard for process measurement and control and uses 4-20 milliamperes of electrical current to represent a 0-100% range of a specified quantity.

    • The 4-20 mA signal is used in the two-wire current loop that connects devices in an instrument circuit and the reader must be familiar with terms such as voltage, current, resistance, impedance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance.

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    Description

    Learn about the differences between serial and parallel transmission using a comparison of signal timing for 4-bit combinations. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each method in data transmission.

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