Serial vs. Parallel Transmission

86 Questions

What are the primary elements of communication mentioned in the text?

Source, destination, data, medium

What are the media used in data communications according to the text?

Electrical conductors, light pipes, electromagnetic transmission

What is the purpose of communication according to the text?

To transmit data from the source to the destination(s)

What does the text mention about data organization?

Data itself is useless unless organized, at which time it becomes information

What is the primary difference between EBCDIC and ASCII in terms of error detection?

EBCDIC uses CRCC for error detection, while ASCII uses parity bit.

How many characters were used for error detection out of the 256 characters available in IBM 4 of 8 Code?

About 70

What is the length of the signal when parity is used in ASCII?

9 bits

What is the significance of B5 in determining the case of a character in ASCII?

It determines whether the character is uppercase or lowercase.

How is a lower case letter obtained from an upper case value in hex?

$hexValue + 20$

How many bits are used for each character in IBM 4 of 8 Code?

8 bits

What was the main storage medium when ASCII was first developed?

Paper tape

What was one of the first interface problems of the PC age?

PC-to-mainframe communications

What problem arises when using only 7 bits plus 1 bit for parity with ASCII?

Eighth bit isn't available for transmission.

What does EBCDIC use blank spaces for?

Special or graphic characters particular to the device using them.

What was used as a translator for PC-to-mainframe communications?

Software program or firmware in a protocol converter.

What was one of the technological advantages leading to elimination of using B7 bit for parity in ASCII?

Advantages of using an 8-bit data byte for sending program code.

What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance known as?

Ohm’s Law

What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

Ohms

Which term describes the opposition a conductor offers to a changing current value as well as the steady state resistance?

Impedance

What is the abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange?

ASCII

"Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code" is abbreviated as?

EBCDIC

"IBM 4 of 8 Code" allowed how many of the 256 bit combinations available with an 8-bit code?

What is the most commonly used industrial communications standard?

4–20 mA signal

Which organization established a current loop as a standard due to its low impedance and greater immunity to noise?

The ISA50 committee (ISA-50.01 standard)

Which fieldbus standards are primarily used in process control according to IEC 61158?

PROFIBUS PA and FOUNDATION Fieldbus

Ethernet continues to gain market share and acceptance in automation areas primarily for providing what services?

Networking services

What does EIA stand for?

Electronic Industries Alliance

Which topology in data communications typically consists of a master station and slave stations?

Multi-drop

In data communications, how is simplex mode defined?

Allows for communication in one direction only

What is the main difference between serial and parallel transmission?

Transmission speed

What is a challenge faced by parallel transmission over long distances?

Synchronization difficulties

What does cross-talk in data communications lead to?

Unwanted transfer of data between channels

What does a communications channel refer to in data communications?

Physical connection between devices

What is the main difference between serial and parallel transmission?

Parallel transmission uses multiple media channels, while serial transmission uses one channel.

How are digital signals defined?

Digital signals have discrete states.

What are the two states of each bit in binary digital signals?

'1' or '0'

How are signals organized to make data useful to humans?

Signals are organized into patterns of bits called codings.

What is an analog signal?

A continuous signal representing a time-varying quantity.

Which example represents an analog signal?

The 4–20 mA current loop signal.

What are the primary elements of communication mentioned in the text?

Transmitter, receiver, and medium

What is the abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange?

ANSI

What problem arises when using only 7 bits plus 1 bit for parity with ASCII?

Limited character representation

What does the text mention about data organization?

Data itself is useless unless organized, at which time it becomes information

Which topology in data communications typically consists of a master station and slave stations?

Multi-drop

What type of communication allows for communication in either direction, but not at the same time?

Half-duplex

What is the primary difference between serial and parallel transmission?

Serial transmission transmits data one bit after the other, while parallel transmission transmits multiple bits simultaneously.

What problem arises with parallel transmission that increases with signaling rate and makes obtaining a faster data rate challenging?

Cross-talk

Which statement best describes simplex communication in data communications?

It occurs only in one direction, never in the opposite.

What are the names "simplex" and "parallel" sometimes confusingly referred to as?

Unidirectional and bidirectional

What is a challenge faced by parallel transmission over long distances?

Difficulty in maintaining data reception over distance.

Which statement best describes duplex communication in data communications?

It enables simultaneous communication in both directions.

Which statement best describes point-to-point topology in data communications?

It is a direct communication between two points, no ranking involved.

What is the primary difference between half-duplex and full-duplex modes of communication?

Full-duplex enables simultaneous communication in both directions, while half-duplex does not.

What is the primary difference between networked and multi-drop topologies?

Networked topology consists of three or more stations connected by a common medium, while multi-drop topology involves a master station with slave stations.

Which type of transmission uses multiple media channels and is faster than serial transmission for data transmissions within a computer cabinet?

Parallel transmission

What is the commonly used industrial communications standard for process measurement and control that uses 4-20 milliamperes of electrical current to represent a 0-100% range of a specified quantity?

4-20 mA current loop signal

What is the representation of a signal that organizes data in a human-readable form?

Encoding

What does ASCII stand for?

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

What type of signal represents quantities at any value between a specified set of upper and lower limits?

Analog signal

What are the two states of each bit in binary digital signals?

High/Low

What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

Ohm ( ext{Ω})

What does EIA stand for in the context of data communications?

Electronic Industries Alliance

What term describes the opposition a conductor offers to a changing current value as well as the steady state resistance?

Impedance

What are the number systems in which digital signals are used?

Binary, octal, and hexadecimal

Which organization established a current loop as a standard due to its low impedance and greater immunity to noise?

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

What is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance known as?

Ohm's Law ($E (volts) = I (amps) \times R (ohms)$)

What is the abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange?

ASCII

What is the primary difference between EBCDIC and ASCII in terms of error detection?

EBCDIC uses a cyclic redundancy check character for error detection, while ASCII uses a parity bit.

What was one of the first digital communications codes designed by IBM?

IBM 4 of 8 Code

'Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code' is abbreviated as?

'EBCDIC'

'Standard signals allow users to pick and choose among vendors with the confidence that the inputs and outputs will be compatible.' This statement primarily refers to which concept?

'Interoperability'

What is the unit of measurement for resistance?

Ohms (Ω)

What are the components of data organization designed for interface with humans known as?

'Communications codes'

What does EIA stand for in the context of data communications?

'Electronic Industries Alliance'

What is the primary purpose of the parity bit in ASCII?

To detect errors in the transmitted data

What was the main reason for eliminating the need to use the B7 bit for parity in ASCII?

Technological advantages of using an 8-bit data byte

What is the main difference between ASCII and EBCDIC in terms of error detection?

ASCII uses a parity bit, while EBCDIC uses CRCC for error detection

What was used as a translator for PC-to-mainframe communications?

Software program or firmware in a protocol converter

What problem arises when using only 7 bits plus 1 bit for parity with ASCII?

The eighth bit isn't available for use in transmitting program instruction coding

What does EBCDIC use blank spaces for?

To represent special or graphic characters particular to the device using them

What is the significance of B5 in determining the case of a character in ASCII?

It distinguishes between upper and lower case characters

How many bits are used for each character in EBCDIC?

8 bits plus 1 bit for parity

What is the primary purpose of using an 8-bit data byte in ASCII?

To transmit program code effectively

Which organization developed the Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)?

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

What is the main reason behind using a ninth bit for parity when transmitting program instruction coding with ASCII?

To provide additional error detection capability during transmission of program instruction coding

Which code does not make use of letter frequencies and uses a numerically arranged code?

Baudot Code

Study Notes

Figure 1-4 depicts the difference between serial and parallel signals in transmission. Parallel transmission uses multiple media channels and transmits all bits faster compared to serial transmission that uses one channel.
Digital signals are defined as those with discrete states. In binary digital signals, each bit has two states: '1' or '0'.
Signals are organized into patterns of bits called codings to make data useful to humans. Text data is coded and stored as information.
A standard signal is a coding with approval from users or standardization agencies, specifying a way to organize data.
An analog signal is a continuous signal representing a time-varying quantity. The 4–20 mA current loop signal is an example, representing 0% to 100% of the range.
In data communication, various standard signals are used, including the 4–20 mA standard instrument signal for process measurement and control.
Serial and parallel transmission methods have their advantages and disadvantages based on the number of media channels used and the transmission speed.
Serial transmission is widely used for data transmission outside the computer cabinet, while parallel transmission is mostly replaced by USB and other technological advances.
Modern data transmission systems use binary digital signals organized into various protocols and application programming interfaces.
There are three main classifications for digital signals: standard, open, and proprietary. The book will focus on a few organizations of digital signals.
The text explicitly discusses the process measurement and control signal standard (4-20mA) and its relationship to temperature and other engineering value measurements.
Digital signals have defined discrete states and are used in all number systems, including binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
Parallel transmission uses multiple media channels and is faster than serial transmission for data transmissions within a computer cabinet, but is being replaced by technologies like USB due to synchrony issues.
Serial transmission uses one media channel and is slower but more common for data transmissions outside of the computer cabinet.
Binary signals have two states, and are used in contemporary data transmission systems as the signaling means due to their simplicity.
Codings are a generally understood representation of a signal and are used to organize data in a human-readable form.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is an example of a text coding, and standard signals are approved by users or standardization agencies.
An analog signal is a continuous signal representing quantities at any value between a specified set of upper and lower limits and is contrasted with binary digital signals.
The 4-20 mA current loop signal is a commonly used industrial communications standard for process measurement and control and uses 4-20 milliamperes of electrical current to represent a 0-100% range of a specified quantity.
The 4-20 mA signal is used in the two-wire current loop that connects devices in an instrument circuit and the reader must be familiar with terms such as voltage, current, resistance, impedance, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance.

Learn about the differences between serial and parallel transmission using a comparison of signal timing for 4-bit combinations. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each method in data transmission.

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