Separation Techniques

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Questions and Answers

what is Crystallisation?

  • separate a solid-liquid mixture
  • separate or identify small amounts of substances from a mixture
  • separate a dissolved solid from a liquid (when solid isn't heat-stable) (correct)
  • separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

Which of the following is a disadvantage when using evaporation to separate a mixture?

  • All the solute is obtained.
  • The solvent is not recovered. (correct)
  • Salt can be obtained from seawater.
  • It can give quick recovery of a soluble solute.

When substances A and B are placed in water, only substance A is retained on the filter paper after filtration. Which of the following can be deduced about substances A and B?

  • The mass of the particles of substance A are greater.
  • The size of the particles of substance A are bigger. (correct)
  • The surface area of particles of substance A are larger.
  • The solubility of substance A in water is higher.

In the physical methods for separating a mixture, the term ‘filtrate’ refers to

<p>the substances that pass through the filter paper. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a substance that is required for sublimation?

<p>It must be able to change directly from a solid to a gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagram below shows the process of sublimation to separate a solid-solid mixture.
Describe the changes in state of iodine during the separation process. (a mixture of iodine and sand)

<p>During heating, iodine changes from a solid state to a gaseous state. Upon cooling, iodine changes from a gaseous state to a solid state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of chromatography in separating different substances?

<p>They can dissolve in the same solvent but have different solubilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chromatography in a separation technique?

<p>To separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following separation techniques is used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid?

<p>Evaporation to dryness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can simple distillation be carried out in the absence of heating? Explain.

<p>No, Simple distillation needs heating as you need to separate the solid from the liquid (A), No . Heat is required to boil the liquid for simple distillation to take place (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Separation Techniques

Crystallization

  • A method of separating a mixture based on differences in solubility
  • Involves dissolving a mixture in a solvent and then allowing it to cool slowly
  • As the solution cools, the least soluble compound crystallizes out first, followed by the next least soluble, and so on
  • Crystals are then filtered and washed to obtain the pure substance

Chromatography

  • A family of techniques used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture
  • Based on the principle of differential migration of components through a stationary phase
  • Types of chromatography:
    • Paper chromatography
    • Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
    • Column chromatography
    • Gas chromatography (GC)
    • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Filtration

  • A method of separating a mixture based on differences in particle size
  • Involves passing a mixture through a filter medium, such as a porous membrane or filter paper
  • Larger particles are retained by the filter, while smaller particles pass through
  • Types of filtration:
    • Gravity filtration
    • Vacuum filtration
    • Centrifugal filtration

Distillation

  • A method of separating a mixture based on differences in boiling points
  • Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then cooled and condensed to produce a liquid
  • Types of distillation:
    • Simple distillation
    • Fractional distillation
    • Vacuum distillation

Sublimation

  • A method of separating a mixture based on the ability of a substance to change directly from a solid to a gas
  • Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then cooled and condensed to produce a solid
  • Used to separate substances that sublime, such as iodine and ammonium chloride

Evaporation to Dryness

  • A method of separating a mixture based on differences in boiling points
  • Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then removed, leaving behind a solid residue
  • Used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid

Simple Distillation

  • A type of distillation used to separate a mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points
  • Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then cooled and condensed to produce a liquid
  • Used to separate a mixture of two liquids with a boiling point difference of at least 40-50°C

Separation Techniques

Crystallization

  • Separates a mixture based on differences in solubility
  • Involves dissolving a mixture in a solvent, then cooling slowly to allow crystallization
  • Crystals are filtered and washed to obtain the pure substance
  • Least soluble compound crystallizes out first, followed by the next least soluble

Chromatography

  • Separates, identifies, and quantifies mixture components based on differential migration
  • Uses a stationary phase to separate components
  • Types of chromatography include:
    • Paper chromatography
    • Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
    • Column chromatography
    • Gas chromatography (GC)
    • High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Filtration

  • Separates a mixture based on differences in particle size
  • Uses a filter medium, such as a porous membrane or filter paper
  • Larger particles are retained, while smaller particles pass through
  • Types of filtration include:
    • Gravity filtration
    • Vacuum filtration
    • Centrifugal filtration

Distillation

  • Separates a mixture based on differences in boiling points
  • Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, then cooling and condensing to produce a liquid
  • Types of distillation include:
    • Simple distillation
    • Fractional distillation
    • Vacuum distillation

Sublimation

  • Separates a mixture based on the ability of a substance to change directly from a solid to a gas
  • Involves heating a mixture, then cooling and condensing to produce a solid
  • Used to separate substances that sublime, such as iodine and ammonium chloride

Evaporation to Dryness

  • Separates a mixture based on differences in boiling points
  • Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, then removing the vapor to leave behind a solid residue
  • Used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid

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