Questions and Answers
what is Crystallisation?
Which of the following is a disadvantage when using evaporation to separate a mixture?
When substances A and B are placed in water, only substance A is retained on the filter paper after filtration. Which of the following can be deduced about substances A and B?
In the physical methods for separating a mixture, the term ‘filtrate’ refers to
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What is the characteristic of a substance that is required for sublimation?
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The diagram below shows the process of sublimation to separate a solid-solid mixture.
Describe the changes in state of iodine during the separation process.
(a mixture of iodine and sand)
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What is the principle of chromatography in separating different substances?
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What is the purpose of chromatography in a separation technique?
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Which of the following separation techniques is used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid?
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Can simple distillation be carried out in the absence of heating? Explain.
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Study Notes
Separation Techniques
Crystallization
- A method of separating a mixture based on differences in solubility
- Involves dissolving a mixture in a solvent and then allowing it to cool slowly
- As the solution cools, the least soluble compound crystallizes out first, followed by the next least soluble, and so on
- Crystals are then filtered and washed to obtain the pure substance
Chromatography
- A family of techniques used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture
- Based on the principle of differential migration of components through a stationary phase
- Types of chromatography:
- Paper chromatography
- Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
- Column chromatography
- Gas chromatography (GC)
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Filtration
- A method of separating a mixture based on differences in particle size
- Involves passing a mixture through a filter medium, such as a porous membrane or filter paper
- Larger particles are retained by the filter, while smaller particles pass through
- Types of filtration:
- Gravity filtration
- Vacuum filtration
- Centrifugal filtration
Distillation
- A method of separating a mixture based on differences in boiling points
- Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then cooled and condensed to produce a liquid
- Types of distillation:
- Simple distillation
- Fractional distillation
- Vacuum distillation
Sublimation
- A method of separating a mixture based on the ability of a substance to change directly from a solid to a gas
- Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then cooled and condensed to produce a solid
- Used to separate substances that sublime, such as iodine and ammonium chloride
Evaporation to Dryness
- A method of separating a mixture based on differences in boiling points
- Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then removed, leaving behind a solid residue
- Used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid
Simple Distillation
- A type of distillation used to separate a mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points
- Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, which is then cooled and condensed to produce a liquid
- Used to separate a mixture of two liquids with a boiling point difference of at least 40-50°C
Separation Techniques
Crystallization
- Separates a mixture based on differences in solubility
- Involves dissolving a mixture in a solvent, then cooling slowly to allow crystallization
- Crystals are filtered and washed to obtain the pure substance
- Least soluble compound crystallizes out first, followed by the next least soluble
Chromatography
- Separates, identifies, and quantifies mixture components based on differential migration
- Uses a stationary phase to separate components
- Types of chromatography include:
- Paper chromatography
- Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
- Column chromatography
- Gas chromatography (GC)
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Filtration
- Separates a mixture based on differences in particle size
- Uses a filter medium, such as a porous membrane or filter paper
- Larger particles are retained, while smaller particles pass through
- Types of filtration include:
- Gravity filtration
- Vacuum filtration
- Centrifugal filtration
Distillation
- Separates a mixture based on differences in boiling points
- Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, then cooling and condensing to produce a liquid
- Types of distillation include:
- Simple distillation
- Fractional distillation
- Vacuum distillation
Sublimation
- Separates a mixture based on the ability of a substance to change directly from a solid to a gas
- Involves heating a mixture, then cooling and condensing to produce a solid
- Used to separate substances that sublime, such as iodine and ammonium chloride
Evaporation to Dryness
- Separates a mixture based on differences in boiling points
- Involves heating a mixture to produce a vapor, then removing the vapor to leave behind a solid residue
- Used to separate a mixture of a solid and a liquid
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Learn about crystallization and chromatography, two essential methods used to separate and purify mixtures in chemistry. LESSSGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
