Separation Techniques and Matter Concepts

Separation Techniques

• Chromatography is used to separate and identify components of a mixture based on selective affinity.
• Filtration separates undissolved solid components from liquid in a mixture.
• Evaporation separates components with a dissolved solid in a liquid.

Elements

• An element is the simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties.
• Elements consist of only one kind of atom.
• Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Compounds

• Compounds are substances formed when two or more elements combine through a chemical change.
• Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances.

Mixtures

• Mixtures consist of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) that are mixed together.
• Mixtures are a physical blend of substances that preserve their identities.
• Mixtures can be solutions, suspensions, or colloids.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Heterogeneous mixtures have constituents that do not mix uniformly.

Homogeneous Mixtures

• Homogeneous mixtures have constituents that mix uniformly.

Distillation

• Distillation separates components of a mixture made up of two or more liquids with different boiling points.

Common Chemical Compounds & Their Uses

• Table Salt (NaCl): Sodium chloride used for food preservation.
• Baking Soda (NaHCO₃): Sodium hydrogen carbonate used in food preparation.
• Vinegar (CH₃COOH): Acetic acid used in food preservation.
• Marsh Gas (CH₄): Methane used as fuel.
• Dry Ice (CO₂): Solid carbon dioxide used to transport biological samples.
• Ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH): Ethanol used in the manufacture of drugs.

Matter

• Matter occupies space and has mass.

Mass vs. Weight

• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
• Weight is the force of gravity on an object.

Physical Properties

• Physical properties are observed without changing the substance's composition.
• Examples include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity.

Chemical Properties

• Chemical properties are observed when a substance undergoes a chemical change.
• Chemical properties describe a substance's reactivity and its ability to form new substances.
• Examples include flammability, toxicity, acidity, and other forms of reactivity.

Types of Physical Properties

• Extensive Properties change with the amount of matter present (e.g., mass, weight, volume, thickness, surface area).
• Intensive Properties do not depend on the amount of matter present (e.g., density, color, odor, taste, hardness, brittleness).

Consumer Products

• Consumer products are final goods bought for personal use.
• Examples include bath soap.
• Consumer products are made possible by the interaction of science, technology, and society.

Product Analysis

• Consumer products have components, uses, safety levels, and costs.
• Bath soap, for example, contains essential oil, NaOH, and glycerine.
• Its purpose is to remove dirt and sweat, cure skin infections, and is generally safe and affordable.

This quiz covers essential topics in chemistry, including separation techniques such as chromatography, filtration, and evaporation. It also explores the definitions and properties of elements, compounds, and mixtures. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in matter classification.