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Questions and Answers
Adults with the disorder are likely to text or phone their major ______ figures throughout the day.
Adults with the disorder are likely to text or phone their major ______ figures throughout the day.
attachment
Reports from children tend to yield higher rates of separation anxiety disorder than ______ reports of the child’s symptoms.
Reports from children tend to yield higher rates of separation anxiety disorder than ______ reports of the child’s symptoms.
parent
In adolescents in the United States, the 12-month prevalence is ______ %
In adolescents in the United States, the 12-month prevalence is ______ %
1.6
Separation anxiety disorder decreases in prevalence from childhood through ______ and adulthood.
Separation anxiety disorder decreases in prevalence from childhood through ______ and adulthood.
The mean 12-month prevalence in adults across 18 countries is ______ %
The mean 12-month prevalence in adults across 18 countries is ______ %
The onset of separation anxiety disorder may occur at any time during ______ and in adolescence.
The onset of separation anxiety disorder may occur at any time during ______ and in adolescence.
Most adults report a ______ course of the disorder over their lifetime.
Most adults report a ______ course of the disorder over their lifetime.
Periods of heightened separation anxiety from attachment figures are part of normal early ______.
Periods of heightened separation anxiety from attachment figures are part of normal early ______.
Separation anxiety disorder also appears to aggregate in ______.
Separation anxiety disorder also appears to aggregate in ______.
Cultural variations exist in the degree to which it is considered desirable to tolerate ______.
Cultural variations exist in the degree to which it is considered desirable to tolerate ______.
Youth from ______ countries report higher symptoms of separation anxiety compared to U.S. youth.
Youth from ______ countries report higher symptoms of separation anxiety compared to U.S. youth.
Separation anxiety disorder in children may be associated with an increased risk for ______.
Separation anxiety disorder in children may be associated with an increased risk for ______.
Individuals with separation anxiety disorder often limit independent activities away from ______.
Individuals with separation anxiety disorder often limit independent activities away from ______.
Adults with separation anxiety disorder may reorganize their work schedules because of anxieties about possible ______.
Adults with separation anxiety disorder may reorganize their work schedules because of anxieties about possible ______.
Separation anxiety disorder is associated with greater reported impairment in individuals from high- and upper-middle-income ______.
Separation anxiety disorder is associated with greater reported impairment in individuals from high- and upper-middle-income ______.
When diagnosing specific phobia in children, it is important to consider their ability to understand the concept of ______.
When diagnosing specific phobia in children, it is important to consider their ability to understand the concept of ______.
In adolescents, symptoms may include not going away to ______.
In adolescents, symptoms may include not going away to ______.
Excessive fears in young children are usually considered ______ appropriate.
Excessive fears in young children are usually considered ______ appropriate.
In older populations, individuals may be more likely to endorse phobias related to the natural ______.
In older populations, individuals may be more likely to endorse phobias related to the natural ______.
Specific phobia tends to co-occur with medical concerns like coronary heart disease and ______.
Specific phobia tends to co-occur with medical concerns like coronary heart disease and ______.
Older individuals may manifest anxiety in an atypical manner, possibly involving symptoms of both anxiety and ______.
Older individuals may manifest anxiety in an atypical manner, possibly involving symptoms of both anxiety and ______.
The presence of specific phobia in older adults is associated with decreased quality of ______.
The presence of specific phobia in older adults is associated with decreased quality of ______.
Risk factors for specific phobia include traits like negative affectivity and behavioral ______.
Risk factors for specific phobia include traits like negative affectivity and behavioral ______.
Phobias can develop at any age, often as a result of experiences that are ______.
Phobias can develop at any age, often as a result of experiences that are ______.
Separation anxiety disorder predominantly concerns real or imagined separation from ______.
Separation anxiety disorder predominantly concerns real or imagined separation from ______.
Unlike individuals with agoraphobia, those with separation anxiety disorder are not anxious about being ______.
Unlike individuals with agoraphobia, those with separation anxiety disorder are not anxious about being ______.
The panic attacks in separation anxiety disorder occur in anticipation of real or imagined separations from ______.
The panic attacks in separation anxiety disorder occur in anticipation of real or imagined separations from ______.
School avoidance in conduct disorder is not due to anxiety about ______.
School avoidance in conduct disorder is not due to anxiety about ______.
In cases of social anxiety disorder, school avoidance is due to fear of being ______ negatively by others.
In cases of social anxiety disorder, school avoidance is due to fear of being ______ negatively by others.
Fear of separation from loved ones is common after a traumatic event, particularly when periods of separation are experienced during the ______.
Fear of separation from loved ones is common after a traumatic event, particularly when periods of separation are experienced during the ______.
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the central symptoms concern intrusions about, and avoidance of, memories associated with the ______ event itself.
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the central symptoms concern intrusions about, and avoidance of, memories associated with the ______ event itself.
Separation anxiety disorder concerns worries about the health and ______ of close attachments.
Separation anxiety disorder concerns worries about the health and ______ of close attachments.
Individuals with both daytime and nocturnal panic attacks tend to have more severe panic disorder overall due to worries about their ______.
Individuals with both daytime and nocturnal panic attacks tend to have more severe panic disorder overall due to worries about their ______.
Common physical concerns include the fear that panic attacks reflect the presence of life-threatening illnesses, such as ______ disease.
Common physical concerns include the fear that panic attacks reflect the presence of life-threatening illnesses, such as ______ disease.
Avoiding physical exertion and reorganizing daily life are examples of maladaptive changes made to ______ panic attacks.
Avoiding physical exertion and reorganizing daily life are examples of maladaptive changes made to ______ panic attacks.
Individuals with panic disorder often anticipate a catastrophic outcome from a mild physical ______.
Individuals with panic disorder often anticipate a catastrophic outcome from a mild physical ______.
The 12-month prevalence estimate for panic disorder across the United States is about ______% in adults and adolescents.
The 12-month prevalence estimate for panic disorder across the United States is about ______% in adults and adolescents.
Panic disorder is often accompanied by excessive use of ______ to control symptoms.
Panic disorder is often accompanied by excessive use of ______ to control symptoms.
Individuals with panic disorder may have pervasive concerns about their ability to complete daily ______.
Individuals with panic disorder may have pervasive concerns about their ability to complete daily ______.
The global lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is estimated at ______%.
The global lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is estimated at ______%.
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Study Notes
Separation Anxiety Disorder Overview
- Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) leads adults to excessively contact major attachment figures throughout the day.
- Frequent communication creates frustration among family members, leading to resentment and conflict.
Prevalence Rates
- Approximately 4% prevalence in children aged 6-12 months.
- Equal prevalence among girls and boys in toddlers; however, school-age girls show higher rates than boys.
- In adolescents, the 12-month prevalence in the U.S. is 1.6%.
- Disorder prevalence decreases from childhood to adolescence and adulthood.
- In clinical samples, SAD is equally common among boys and girls, contrasting with community samples favoring higher rates in girls.
- Adult prevalence in the U.S. ranges from 0.9% to 1.9%, with women showing higher rates in both clinical and community studies.
- Across 18 countries, the mean adult prevalence is 1.0%, with 0.1% - 2.7% variant; prevalence in women is higher (1.3%) compared to men (0.8%).
Development and Course
- Heightened separation anxiety is normal in early development, indicating secure attachment (e.g., around age 1).
- Onset can occur as early as preschool age, throughout childhood, and into adolescence.
- Median onset among adults is late adolescence in high-income countries and mid-20s in lower-income countries.
- Symptoms often fluctuate, with individuals experiencing periods of exacerbation and remission.
- SAD can aggregate within families.
Cultural Considerations
- Cultural norms influence the perception of separation; some cultures prioritize interdependence.
- Variations in the expected age for children to leave parental homes exist globally.
- Taiwanese youth report higher separation anxiety symptoms compared to U.S. youth.
Association with Suicidal Thoughts
- Children and adolescents with SAD may have an increased risk for suicide, observed across other anxiety disorders with comorbidities.
- Bullying during childhood is identified as a significant risk factor for later suicidal thoughts.
Functional Consequences
- Individuals with SAD limit independent activities:
- Children may avoid school; adolescents may not transition to college; adults may refrain from leaving home or traveling far without close attachments.
- Symptoms severely impact adults, affecting work schedules and daily activities to maintain proximity to attachment figures.
Differential Diagnosis
- Differentiates from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) by focusing on separation from attachment figures.
- In contrast to Panic Disorder, panic attacks in SAD are triggered by fears of separation.
- SAD fears differ from Agoraphobia; SAD focuses on leaving places of safety associated with attachment figures.
- Conduct Disorder and School Refusal involve school avoidance but not due to separation anxiety.
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may include separation fears post-trauma, but the focus remains on traumatic memories for diagnosis.
Specific Phobia and Older Adults
- Diagnosis of specific phobia must consider the developmental appropriateness and duration of symptoms.
- Older adults show a tendency towards specific phobias related to natural environments and declining health concerns.
- Specific phobias develop commonly in childhood but can occur at any life stage due to past traumatic experiences.
Risk and Prognostic Factors
- Temperamental risk factors include negative affectivity and behavioral inhibition.
- Environmental factors, such as experiences of panic attacks, influence severity and may lead to avoidance behaviors.
Associated Features
- Individuals with Panic Disorder often have broad anxieties related to health and mental well-being.
- Constant fear of catastrophic outcomes from mild symptoms is common.
- Many individuals engage in control behaviors to manage panic attacks, affecting everyday life quality.
Prevalence of Panic Disorder
- The 12-month prevalence for panic disorder is around 2%-3% in the U.S. and Europe.
- Global lifetime prevalence is estimated at 1.7%, with a projected 2.7% lifetime risk based on World Mental Health Surveys.
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