Separation Anxiety Disorder Overview
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Questions and Answers

At what age can the onset of separation anxiety disorder occur?

  • Only during adolescence
  • At any time during childhood (correct)
  • Only after the age of 12
  • As early as preschool age (correct)

    • What is the 12-month prevalence of separation anxiety disorder among adults in the United States?

  • 0.9%-1.9% (correct)
  • 2.0%-3.0%
  • 4%-6%
  • 1.6%-2.5%

    • Which gender shows a higher prevalence of separation anxiety disorder in community samples?

  • Only in females
  • Females
  • Equally prevalent in both genders
  • Males (correct)

    • What environmental factor may contribute to the development of separation anxiety disorder?

    <p>Parental overprotection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Separation anxiety disorder in children may be associated with an increased risk for what?

    <p>Suicide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder in children is true?

    <p>Approximately 4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of separation anxiety disorder in girls compared to boys?

    <p>Greater reluctance to attend school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a genetic factor associated with separation anxiety disorder?

    <p>Heritability estimated at 73%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration that identifies agoraphobia?

    <p>Typically 6 months or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals with agoraphobia report panic attacks or panic disorder before its onset in clinic samples?

    <p>More than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence rate of agoraphobia among adolescents and adults annually?

    <p>1.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what average age is agoraphobia typically onset without preceding panic attacks?

    <p>25-29 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common self-medication strategy for individuals with severe agoraphobia?

    <p>Abuse of alcohol and sedative medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperamental factors are closely associated with the development of agoraphobia?

    <p>Behavioral inhibition and neurotic disposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical course of agoraphobia?

    <p>Typically persistent and chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factors are associated with the onset of agoraphobia?

    <p>Overprotection in child-rearing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median age at onset for Panic Disorder in the US?

    <p>20-24 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group has a higher prevalence of Panic Disorder?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical course of untreated Panic Disorder?

    <p>Chronic with episodes of remission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recognized risk factor for Panic Disorder?

    <p>Childhood experiences of severe separation anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults and adolescents in the US experience a 12-month prevalence of Panic Disorder?

    <p>2% - 3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has been associated with Panic Disorder in those who have experienced it?

    <p>Reports of childhood experiences of sexual and physical abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does culture play in Panic Disorder prevalence and diagnosis?

    <p>It may affect the rate of panic attacks and how they are perceived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural structures are emphasized in current models for understanding Panic Disorder?

    <p>Amygdala and related structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Separation Anxiety Disorder

    • Prevalence:
      • Adults: 0.9%-1.9% in the United States
      • Children (6-12 months): Approximately 4%
      • Adolescents (US): 1.6%
      • Most prevalent anxiety disorder in children under 12
    • Development and Course:
      • Onset can be as early as preschool age, but can happen at any time during childhood and, less often, in adolescence.
      • May persist into adulthood.
      • Children's worries often focus on specific dangers.
      • Adults with the disorder are typically overly concerned about offspring and spouses, experiencing marked discomfort when separated.

    Risk and Prognostic Factors

    • Environmental:

      • Often develops after life stress, including loss, leaving the parental home, starting a romantic relationship, or becoming a parent.
      • Parental overprotection and intrusiveness may be associated with separation anxiety.

    • Genetic and Physiological:

      • Heritability is estimated at 73% in a community sample of 6-year-old twins, with higher rates in girls.
      • Children with separation anxiety demonstrate a heightened sensitivity to respiratory stimulation using CO2-enriched air.
    • Cultural variations exist in what is considered desirable regarding separation tolerance.
    • Girls display more reluctance to attend or avoidance of school compared to boys.
    • Indirect expressions of fear of separation might be more common in males than females.

    Suicide Risk

    • Separation anxiety disorder in children may be associated with an increased risk of suicide.

    Agoraphobia

    • Diagnostic features:
      • Can lead to complete homebound behavior, preventing individuals from leaving their home and relying on others for basic needs.
      • Demoralization, depressive symptoms, and alcohol and sedative abuse are common.

    Agoraphobia Prevalence & Course

    • Prevalence:

      • 1.7% of adolescents and adults annually.
      • Females are twice as likely as males to experience agoraphobia.
      • May occur in childhood, but incidence peaks in late adolescence and early adulthood.
      • First onset in childhood is rare.
      • 12-month prevalence in individuals 65 years and older is 0.4%.
      • Rates do not appear to differ across cultural/racial groups.

    • Development and Course:

      • 30% to 50% of individuals with agoraphobia reported panic attacks or panic disorder preceding the onset.
      • Typically, initial onset occurs before age 35.
      • Mean age of onset is 17 years.
      • Onset without prior panic attacks or panic disorder is around 25-29 years of age.
      • Course tends to be persistent and chronic.
      • Complete remission is uncommon (10%) without treatment, with rates of full remission decreasing with more severe cases.
      • Rates of relapse and chronicity increase in more severe cases.

    Agoraphobia Risk and Prognsotic Factors

    • Temperamental:

      • Behavioral inhibition and neurotic disposition are closely linked to most anxiety disorders.
      • Anxiety sensitivity is a characteristic.

    • ** Environmental:**

      • Negative childhood events and other stressful situations are associated with the onset.
      • Individuals with agoraphobia often describe their family environment as characterized by reduced warmth and increased overprotection.

    Panic Disorder

    • Prevalence:

      • In the US and several European countries, the 12-month prevalence is about 2%-3% for adults and adolescents.
      • Lower estimates are reported for Asian, African, and Latin American countries (0.1% to 0.8%).
      • Females are more affected (2:1).
      • Prevalence is low before age 14.
      • Gradually increases during adolescence, particularly in women.

    • Development and Course:

      • Median age of onset in the US is 20-24 years.
      • Some cases begin in childhood, and while unusual, onset can occur after age 45.
      • The usual course of the untreated disorder is chronic but fluctuating.
      • Episodic outbreaks interspersed with years of remission are possible.
      • Only a minority of individuals experience complete remission without relapse within a few years.

    Panic Disorder Risk and Prognostic Factors

    • Temperamental:

      • Negative affectivity (neuroticism) and anxiety sensitivity are risk factors.
      • Severe separation anxiety in childhood may precede the development of panic disorder.

    • Environmental:

      • Reports of sexual and physical abuse are more common in individuals with panic disorder compared to other anxiety disorders.
      • Smoking.
      • Identifiable stressors in the months preceding the first panic attack are common.

    • Genetic and Physiological:

      • Current neural system models for panic disorder emphasize the amygdala and related structures, similar to other anxiety disorders.
      • Increased risk among offspring of parents with anxiety and mood disorders.
      • Respiratory disturbances, such as asthma, are also associated with panic disorder.
    • Culture may influence the rate of panic attacks and panic disorder by determining whether the experience is expected or unexpected.
    • No significant differences appear between males and females.
    • Some evidence suggests a link between panic disorder and the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in females only.

    Suicide Risk

    • Higher rates of suicide attempts are observed.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into Separation Anxiety Disorder, covering its prevalence among different age groups, developmental aspects, risks, and prognostic factors. Understand how environmental and genetic influences contribute to this disorder's development and persistence. Test your knowledge on this significant anxiety ailment.

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