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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of filtration in separating mixtures?
What happens to the soluble solid during the process of evaporation to dryness?
Which method is best suited for obtaining sugar from a solution?
What is the water within a crystal structure referred to as?
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Which of the following methods is used to collect a gas that is soluble in water and denser than air?
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What equipment can be used to measure the volume of a gas through displacement?
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What is the first step in the process of crystallisation?
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For which type of gases is the downward delivery method of gas collection used?
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Study Notes
Separating Solid-Liquid Mixtures
- Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids. The solid is the residue, and the liquid is the filtrate.
- Evaporation to dryness obtains soluble solids from solutions by heating the solution to boil off the solvent. This works for solids that don't decompose when heated, like salt.
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Crystallisation obtains soluble solids from solutions by allowing a hot, saturated solution to cool. This works for solids that decompose when heated, like sugar.
- A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in the solvent.
- Crystallisation is used to obtain crystals, as some crystals require water in their crystal lattice (water of crystallisation). Heating to dryness would produce a powder instead of crystals.
- Crystallisation steps:
- Heat the solution until it's saturated.
- Allow the hot, saturated solution to cool until crystallization occurs.
- Filter to collect the crystals, wash with cold distilled water, and dry between filter paper.
Collecting a Gas
- Displacement of water is used to collect gases insoluble or slightly soluble in water, like hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- Downward delivery of gas is used to collect gases soluble in water, denser than air, like chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and sulfur dioxide.
- Upward delivery of gas is used to collect gases very soluble and less dense than air, like ammonia.
- An inverted measuring cylinder filled with water can measure the volume of a gas by water displacement.
- A gas syringe collects a gas and measures its volume.
Drying a Gas
- Drying a gas removes moisture/water vapor from the gas.
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Drying agents are used to absorb the water vapor from the gas. Examples include:
- Calcium chloride
- Concentrated sulfuric acid
- Anhydrous calcium sulfate
- Silica gel.
- The drying agent must be chemically inert with the gas being dried.
- The drying agent must not react with the gas being dried.
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Description
This quiz covers the methods of separating solid-liquid mixtures, including filtration, evaporation to dryness, and crystallisation. Each method is explained, focusing on the different circumstances under which they are used and the resulting products. Test your knowledge on these essential techniques in chemistry!
