23 Questions
Which cranial nerve is associated with the sense of smell?
Olfactory (I)
Which spinal nerve plexus innervates the hip and lower limbs?
Lumbar plexus
What type of neurons are found in the ventral root of a spinal nerve?
Autonomic and somatic motor neurons
Which spinal nerve connects to the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
What surrounds each individual axon and myelin in a spinal nerve?
Endoneurium
Which structure controls the shape of the lens and causes the lens to focus?
Ciliary muscles
What is the function of the fovea centralis?
Area of greatest visual acuity
Which part of the eye is avascular and transparent?
Lens
What causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate?
Sound waves
Which structure links the middle ear with the nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube
What is the function of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear?
Detect sound and important for equilibrium
What is found in the cochlear duct?
Hair cells with cilia
What separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?
Basilar membrane
What is responsible for sending electrical impulses to the brain via cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)?
Hair cells with cilia
What type of stimuli do interoceptors detect?
Internal stimuli in viscera and blood vessels
Which stimuli do mechanoreceptors respond to?
Mechanical stimuli like pressure and touch
How many successive neurons do spinal pathways consist of?
Three successive neurons
Which tracts are included in the ascending tracts of spinal pathways?
Posterior (dorsal) column pathways, spinocerebellar pathways, and corticospinal pathways
What are the effectors of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
What does the Somatic Nervous System involve?
Upper and lower motor neurons for skeletal muscle control
What are the subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS
What are the differences between Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS?
Differences in cell body of preganglionic neuron, autonomic ganglia location, axon length, function, and nerve exit points.
What is the superficial layer of the eye called?
Fibrous tunic
Study Notes
Sensory Systems Classification
- Interoceptors detect internal stimuli in viscera, blood vessels, etc.
- Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli like pressure, touch, stretch, and vibration.
- Spinal pathways consist of three successive neurons: 1st order neurons, 2nd order neurons, and 3rd order neurons.
- Ascending tracts of spinal pathways include posterior (dorsal) column pathways, spinocerebellar pathways, and anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathways.
- The motor systems include the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.
- The Somatic Nervous System involves upper and lower motor neurons for skeletal muscle control.
- The Autonomic Nervous System has preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, with the effectors being cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
- The Autonomic Nervous System is subdivided into the sympathetic NS and the parasympathetic NS, which have different functions.
- Comparison of Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS includes differences in the cell body of preganglionic neuron, autonomic ganglia location, axon length, function, and nerve exit points.
- The eye is a three-layered sphere filled with fluid, with the fibrous tunic as the superficial layer.
- The fibrous tunic includes the sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva, serving as protective and light-permitting structures for the eye.
Test your knowledge of sensory systems and motor systems, including interoceptors, mechanoreceptors, spinal pathways, and the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
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