Lab 4A: Sensory Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of sensory physiology?

  • Both conscious and subconscious processing (correct)
  • Subconscious processing only
  • Conscious processing only
  • Only visceral stimuli

What are the five 'special' senses?

  • Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and temperature
  • Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium (correct)
  • Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch
  • Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and pain

What is proprioception?

  • The sense of body position and movement (correct)
  • The sense of temperature
  • The sense of pain
  • The sense of touch

What type of stimuli does the visceral sense include?

<p>Blood pressure, pH and O2 content of blood, and others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the signal in the sensory neuron?

<p>It is transduced or changed to an electrical graded signal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the signals are strong and frequent enough?

<p>The neuron will produce action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS) in sensory physiology?

<p>To process sensory information and respond accordingly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are sensory receptors classified?

<p>By several ways, including structural, regional, or functional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a simple sensor organ?

<p>The tactile (touch) corpuscles of the skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a complex sensor organ?

<p>The eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor detects painful stimuli?

<p>Nociceptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of converting a stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential?

<p>Transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the area that each neuron can receive information on?

<p>Receptive Field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor responds to mechanical stimuli such as pressure and vibration?

<p>Mechanoreceptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum amount of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential?

<p>Threshold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of near-sightedness, in which objects up close are clear, but those in the distance appear blurry?

<p>Myopia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the density of touch receptors in a given part of the body estimated by?

<p>Two-point threshold test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor is activated by movement of the limbs?

<p>Proprioreceptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bending of light waves?

<p>Refraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of far-sightedness, in which objects in the distance are clear, but objects up close are blurry?

<p>Hyperopia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why light waves focus behind the retina in hyperopia?

<p>The eyeball is too short. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the convex lens in hyperopia?

<p>To bend light waves more to compensate for the short eyeball. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Snellen eye chart used to test for?

<p>Myopia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the first number in a Snellen chart measurement indicate?

<p>The distance at which the person being tested can read the chart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 20/20 vision mean?

<p>The person has normal vision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 20/200 vision mean?

<p>The person has myopia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of astigmatism?

<p>An abnormality in the surface of the eye or lens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to correct astigmatism?

<p>A circular lens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the circular spoke chart?

<p>To determine if someone has astigmatism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between myopia and hyperopia?

<p>Myopia is near-sightedness, while hyperopia is far-sightedness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The five 'special' senses are under subconscious control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensory receptors can be classified based on their structure and function.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatic stimuli include blood pressure and pH of cerebrospinal fluid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central nervous system (CNS) processes subconscious sensory information.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensory receptor transduces the signal to a chemical signal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Efferent motor neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information to the CNS.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tactile corpuscles are an example of complex sensor organs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of sensory physiology involves only conscious processing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensory receptors can respond to multiple types of stimuli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Action potentials are generated in the sensory receptor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanoreceptors respond to painful stimuli.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two-point threshold test is used to estimate the density of chemoreceptors in a given part of the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cornea is the principle part of the eye involved in refraction of light.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nociceptors respond to chemicals that bind to the receptor such as O2, pH, and glucose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proprioreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cutaneous sensations are detected by sensory receptors in the ears.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refraction is the bending of sound waves.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperopia is the condition of near-sightedness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two-point threshold test is used to test visual acuity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mechanoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli such as O2, pH, and glucose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With hyperopia, the light waves focus in front of the retina because the eyeball is too long.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The convex lens bends the light a bit less to compensate for the short eyeball in hyperopia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Snellen eye chart is used to test for hyperopia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Snellen chart measurement, the first number tells you how far someone with normal vision would stand from the chart to read a given row of letters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

20/20 vision is a sign of myopia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instructor Jen with 20/200 vision can stand farther away from the chart than someone with normal vision to read the big 'E'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Astigmatism is just an abnormality in the surface of your eye that causes normal refraction of light in one or the other planes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A circular lens cannot be used to correct astigmatism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circular spoke chart is used to test for hyperopia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myopia and hyperopia are the same condition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sensory Physiology

  • Sensory physiology encompasses both conscious and subconscious processing.
  • The five "special" senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium) fall under conscious control.
  • The lesser known conscious senses include the "somatic" senses (touch-pressure, temperature, pain, and proprioception).
  • The subconscious senses include somatic stimuli and visceral stimuli.

Somatic Stimuli and Visceral Stimuli

  • Somatic stimuli include muscle length and tension or force.
  • Visceral stimuli include:
    • Blood pressure
    • pH and O2 content of blood
    • pH of cerebrospinal fluid
    • Lung inflation
    • Osmolarity of body fluids
    • Temperature
    • Blood glucose
    • Distention of the gastrointestinal tract

Afferent Sensory Pathways

  • Afferent sensory pathways begin by sensing a stimulus (external or internal) via a sensory neuron.
  • The sensory receptor transduces or changes the signal to an electrical graded signal.
  • If the signals are strong and frequent enough, the neuron will reach threshold and produce action potentials.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) will tell the efferent motor neuron to have an appropriate action.

Classification of Sensory Receptors

  • Receptors can be classified structurally, regionally, or functionally.
  • Examples of receptors include:
    • Tactile (touch) corpuscles of the skin
    • Eyes and ears
    • Mechanoreceptors (respond to mechanical stimuli)
    • Chemoreceptors (respond to chemicals)
    • Baroreceptors (respond to blood pressure)

Sensory Terms and Concepts

Proprioreceptors

  • A somatic sensory receptor activated by movement of the limbs

Nociceptor

  • A receptor that detects painful stimuli

Chemoreceptor

  • Responds to chemicals that bind to the receptor (e.g. O2, pH, glucose)

Mechanoreceptor

  • Responds to mechanical stimuli (e.g. pressure, vibration, sound)

Receptive Field

  • The area that each neuron can receive information on, which may vary in shape and overlap with neighboring receptive fields

Transduction

  • The conversion of a stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential

Threshold

  • The minimum amount of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential

Two-point Discrimination

  • The ability to distinguish between two points of stimulation on the skin, dependent on the density of touch receptors in that area

Cutaneous Sensations

  • Detected by sensory receptors in the skin
  • Sent to the brain via sensory (afferent) neurons
  • Interpreted within the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe

Touch Receptors

  • A type of mechanoreceptor
  • Respond to mechanical force created by pressure
  • Density of touch receptors varies across different parts of the body
  • Sensitive areas (e.g. fingertips) have a high density, while less sensitive areas (e.g. back of the leg) have a lower density

Refraction and Visual Acuity

  • Refraction is the bending of light waves
  • Light waves entering the eye must be focused on a specific point of the retina
  • The lens and cornea are involved in refraction of light

Myopia and Hyperopia

  • Myopia: near-sightedness, in which objects up close are clear, but those in the distance appear blurry
  • Hyperopia: far-sightedness, in which objects in the distance are clear, but objects up close are blurry
  • Can be treated with concave or convex lenses

Snellen Eye Chart

  • Used to test for myopia
  • Interpreting the values:
    • First number: how far the person is standing from the chart
    • Second number: how far someone with normal vision can stand to read the same row of letters

Sensory Physiology

  • Sensory physiology encompasses both conscious and subconscious processing.
  • The five "special" senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium) fall under conscious control.
  • The lesser known conscious senses include the "somatic" senses (touch-pressure, temperature, pain, and proprioception).
  • The subconscious senses include somatic stimuli and visceral stimuli.

Somatic Stimuli and Visceral Stimuli

  • Somatic stimuli include muscle length and tension or force.
  • Visceral stimuli include:
    • Blood pressure
    • pH and O2 content of blood
    • pH of cerebrospinal fluid
    • Lung inflation
    • Osmolarity of body fluids
    • Temperature
    • Blood glucose
    • Distention of the gastrointestinal tract

Afferent Sensory Pathways

  • Afferent sensory pathways begin by sensing a stimulus (external or internal) via a sensory neuron.
  • The sensory receptor transduces or changes the signal to an electrical graded signal.
  • If the signals are strong and frequent enough, the neuron will reach threshold and produce action potentials.
  • The central nervous system (CNS) will tell the efferent motor neuron to have an appropriate action.

Classification of Sensory Receptors

  • Receptors can be classified structurally, regionally, or functionally.
  • Examples of receptors include:
    • Tactile (touch) corpuscles of the skin
    • Eyes and ears
    • Mechanoreceptors (respond to mechanical stimuli)
    • Chemoreceptors (respond to chemicals)
    • Baroreceptors (respond to blood pressure)

Sensory Terms and Concepts

Proprioreceptors

  • A somatic sensory receptor activated by movement of the limbs

Nociceptor

  • A receptor that detects painful stimuli

Chemoreceptor

  • Responds to chemicals that bind to the receptor (e.g. O2, pH, glucose)

Mechanoreceptor

  • Responds to mechanical stimuli (e.g. pressure, vibration, sound)

Receptive Field

  • The area that each neuron can receive information on, which may vary in shape and overlap with neighboring receptive fields

Transduction

  • The conversion of a stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential

Threshold

  • The minimum amount of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential

Two-point Discrimination

  • The ability to distinguish between two points of stimulation on the skin, dependent on the density of touch receptors in that area

Cutaneous Sensations

  • Detected by sensory receptors in the skin
  • Sent to the brain via sensory (afferent) neurons
  • Interpreted within the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe

Touch Receptors

  • A type of mechanoreceptor
  • Respond to mechanical force created by pressure
  • Density of touch receptors varies across different parts of the body
  • Sensitive areas (e.g. fingertips) have a high density, while less sensitive areas (e.g. back of the leg) have a lower density

Refraction and Visual Acuity

  • Refraction is the bending of light waves
  • Light waves entering the eye must be focused on a specific point of the retina
  • The lens and cornea are involved in refraction of light

Myopia and Hyperopia

  • Myopia: near-sightedness, in which objects up close are clear, but those in the distance appear blurry
  • Hyperopia: far-sightedness, in which objects in the distance are clear, but objects up close are blurry
  • Can be treated with concave or convex lenses

Snellen Eye Chart

  • Used to test for myopia
  • Interpreting the values:
    • First number: how far the person is standing from the chart
    • Second number: how far someone with normal vision can stand to read the same row of letters

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Test your knowledge of sensory physiology, including special and general senses, conscious and subconscious processing, and various types of stimuli.

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