Sensorimotor Systems and Motor Control
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Questions and Answers

What does functional segregation in sensorimotor hierarchies imply?

  • Each level is composed of the same neural structures.
  • Each level performs identical functions.
  • Different cognitive processes are integrated at each level.
  • Different units perform distinct functions. (correct)

    • How do sensorimotor systems use sensory feedback?

  • To initiate ballistic movements.
  • To completely ignore past movements.
  • To enhance reflex responses.
  • To inform and adjust ongoing activities. (correct)

    • Which type of movement is not typically influenced by sensory feedback?

  • Voluntary movements.
  • Ballistic movements. (correct)
  • Reflexive movements.
  • Involuntary movements.

    • What is observed during the early stages of motor learning?

    <p>Each response is consciously controlled and distinct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After extensive practice, how do individual responses evolve in motor learning?

    <p>They integrate into smooth sequences of action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'sensorimotor circuits'?

    <p>Pathways connecting areas involved in sensory processing and motor control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sensory receptors in the body play in motor control?

    <p>They provide feedback that directs responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do sensorimotor systems share with efficient companies?

    <p>Both adapt based on monitoring performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which migrating cells take on a route along radial glial cells called?

    <p>Radial migration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of neural tube migration involves the cell body following an extension that develops?

    <p>Somal migration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the growth at the tip of each axon or dendrite?

    <p>Growth cone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis suggests that postsynaptic targets release chemicals to guide axonal growth?

    <p>Chemoaffinity hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to necrotic cells during cell death?

    <p>They promote inflammation by spilling their contents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does apoptotic cell death differ from necrosis?

    <p>Apoptosis is a clearer, organized process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about axonal growth is true?

    <p>Chemical signals along the route may attract or repel axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of cells that engage in migration?

    <p>Most cells engage in both radial and tangential migration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of reciprocal innervation?

    <p>To ensure smooth movements by coordinating antagonistic muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Renshaw cells play in recurrent collateral inhibition?

    <p>They serve as a feedback loop to inhibit the same muscle fiber. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does the neural plate become visible?

    <p>Three weeks after conception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers is not one of the three layers of embryonic cells?

    <p>Neuroderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about neurodevelopment?

    <p>Neurodevelopment is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces the development of the neural plate?

    <p>Chemical signals from the mesoderm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stem cells in the context of neural development?

    <p>Cells that retain the ability to differentiate and are influenced by environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause dire consequences during neurodevelopment?

    <p>Errors in neurodevelopmental processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines fast muscle fibers?

    <p>They fatigue quickly and contract and relax rapidly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>It causes muscle contraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the dorsolateral and ventromedial motor pathways?

    <p>They are composed of two tracts, one descending directly and the other synapsing in the brain stem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes flexor muscles from extensor muscles?

    <p>Flexors bend or flex joints while extensors straighten joints. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes slow muscle fibers?

    <p>They can sustain contractions for long periods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines synergistic muscles?

    <p>They contract to produce the same movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about skeletal muscles is correct?

    <p>They can belong to one of two distinct categories: flexors or extensors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of interneurons in spinal circuits is to:

    <p>Integrate and relay information across multiple spinal segments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage more neurons are produced than required during development?

    <p>50 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for passive cell death?

    <p>Necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the survival rate of remaining cells when some cells are destroyed?

    <p>Number of targets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the experience that must occur during a specific interval to influence development?

    <p>Critical period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of experience contributes to the direction of development?

    <p>Instructive experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does early visual deprivation have on the primary visual cortex?

    <p>Fewer synapses and dendritic spines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain shows neurogenesis in adults?

    <p>Olfactory bulbs and hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is monocular deprivation in development?

    <p>Changes the pattern of synaptic input into layer IV of V1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of enriching environments during neurodevelopment?

    <p>Greater dendritic development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experience has a weak effect on development when it occurs outside a critical period?

    <p>Sensitive experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the reorganization of the primary auditory cortex in tinnitus?

    <p>Major reorganizational changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does skill training have on the cortex?

    <p>Promotes cortical adaptation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is observed in adult musicians who play instruments fingered by their left hand?

    <p>Enlarged representation of the hand in the right somatosensory cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensorimotor Systems

    • Sensorimotor hierarchy: Parallel pathways allow the cortex to control lower levels in multiple ways.
    • Functional segregation: Each level comprises different units with distinct functions.
    • Sensory feedback guides motor response, except for ballistic movements.
    • Flexibility: Systems monitor activity and adjust accordingly.

    Motor Control

    • Skeletal muscle: Composed of muscle fibers, bound by membrane, attached to bone via tendon.
    • Muscle contraction: Acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction triggers contraction.
    • Muscle fiber types: Fast fibers contract/relax quickly, fatigue easily; slow fibers sustain contraction.
    • Muscle categories: Flexors bend joints, extensors straighten them.
    • Synergistic muscles: Produce the same movement.
    • Antagonistic muscles: Oppose each other (e.g., biceps and triceps).
    • Reciprocal innervation: Smooth movements via excitation of flexors and inhibition of extensors.
    • Recurrent collateral inhibition: Renshaw cells provide muscle fiber rest after contraction.
    • Cortico-brainstem-spinal tract: Interacts with brainstem structures, descends bilaterally, synapses on interneurons.
    • Descending motor pathways (dorsolateral and ventromedial): Each has two tracts – one descending directly to spinal cord, another synapsing in the brainstem before descending.

    Neural Plate Induction

    • Neural plate: Dorsal surface tissue destined to become the nervous system.
    • Induced by mesoderm signals.
    • Three embryonic cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
    • Neural plate cells: Embryonic stem cells crucial in brain development.

    Axon Growth and Synapse Formation

    • Axonal growth: Growth cones extend filopodia to find pathways.
    • Chemoaffinity hypothesis: Postsynaptic targets release guiding chemicals.

    Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement

    • Neuron death: ~50% more neurons produced than needed; competition for chemicals from targets determines survival.
    • Necrosis: Passive cell death, causes inflammation.
    • Apoptosis: Active cell death, safer and less inflammatory.

    Effects of Experience on Neurodevelopment

    • Neurodevelopment: Ongoing process influenced by genetics and environment.
    • Permissive experiences: Necessary for genetic program manifestation.
    • Instructive experiences: Direct developmental course.
    • Sensitive/critical periods: Experience highly impacts development during specific intervals.

    Experience and Cortical Maps

    • Cross-modal rewiring: Sensory cortex plasticity demonstrated.
    • Cortical topography change: Altered input shifts sensory maps.
    • Music training: Influences auditory cortex organization.

    Early Studies of Experience

    • Visual deprivation: Reduced synapses, dendritic spines, vision deficits.
    • Enriched environment: Thicker cortices, enhanced dendritic development, more synapses.

    Competitive Development

    • Ocular dominance columns: Monocular deprivation alters synaptic input to visual cortex.
    • Active neurons prevail over inactive ones.

    Neuroplasticity in Adults

    • Adult brain plasticity: Adaptation and change persist.
    • Neurogenesis: Occurs in olfactory bulbs and hippocampuses.
    • Enriched environment and exercise promote neurogenesis.

    Reorganization of Adult Cortex

    • Tinnitus: Reorganizes primary auditory cortex.
    • Musician's hands: Enlarged representation in somatosensory cortex.
    • Skill training: Reorganizes motor cortex.
    • Adaptation: Brain increases adaptive abilities with repeated exposure to abnormal conditions.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the complexities of sensorimotor systems and muscle control. It covers the hierarchy of sensory and motor pathways, the role of feedback in movement, and the mechanics of muscle contraction and classification. Test your understanding of how these systems work together to facilitate movement.

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