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Questions and Answers
What happens to actions as they are practiced over time?
What happens to actions as they are practiced over time?
What is a primary function of the posterior parietal cortex in sensorimotor function?
What is a primary function of the posterior parietal cortex in sensorimotor function?
What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the sensorimotor system?
What is the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the sensorimotor system?
What is one of the major features of mirror neurons?
What is one of the major features of mirror neurons?
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Which of the following correctly describes the flow of information in the sensorimotor system?
Which of the following correctly describes the flow of information in the sensorimotor system?
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What is the role of the primary motor cortex in the sensorimotor system?
What is the role of the primary motor cortex in the sensorimotor system?
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What function do areas of the secondary motor cortex serve?
What function do areas of the secondary motor cortex serve?
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How do mirror neurons contribute to social cognition?
How do mirror neurons contribute to social cognition?
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What is a significant characteristic of stimulation of the secondary motor cortex?
What is a significant characteristic of stimulation of the secondary motor cortex?
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What is the least likely role of the brainstem in the sensorimotor system?
What is the least likely role of the brainstem in the sensorimotor system?
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What is one primary function of the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex?
What is one primary function of the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex?
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What condition is characterized by the inability to perform movements on command due to damage in the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex?
What condition is characterized by the inability to perform movements on command due to damage in the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex?
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Which scenario describes contralateral neglect typically caused by lesions in the right parietal area?
Which scenario describes contralateral neglect typically caused by lesions in the right parietal area?
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What role does the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex play in movement?
What role does the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex play in movement?
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Electrical stimulation of the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex leads to which experience in subjects?
Electrical stimulation of the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex leads to which experience in subjects?
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Which of the following sensory systems does the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex NOT receive input from?
Which of the following sensory systems does the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex NOT receive input from?
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Where does the output from the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex primarily go?
Where does the output from the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex primarily go?
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What distinguishes bilateral symptoms in apraxia associated with Posterior Parietal Association Cortex damage?
What distinguishes bilateral symptoms in apraxia associated with Posterior Parietal Association Cortex damage?
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What is the first step required to sip from a cup?
What is the first step required to sip from a cup?
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Which principle describes the organization of the sensorimotor system?
Which principle describes the organization of the sensorimotor system?
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What role does sensory input play in motor output?
What role does sensory input play in motor output?
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What happens after the primary motor cortex sends commands to the spinal cord?
What happens after the primary motor cortex sends commands to the spinal cord?
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What type of movements are not guided by sensory feedback?
What type of movements are not guided by sensory feedback?
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Which area of the brain is responsible for high-level direction in the sensorimotor system?
Which area of the brain is responsible for high-level direction in the sensorimotor system?
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How does learning affect sensorimotor control?
How does learning affect sensorimotor control?
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What is a benefit of the hierarchical organization of the sensorimotor system?
What is a benefit of the hierarchical organization of the sensorimotor system?
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Study Notes
Sensorimotor System Overview
- This system controls movement and is organized hierarchically, much like a large company.
- The "president" (association cortex) directs lower levels (motor neurons and muscles).
- This organization allows higher levels to focus on complex functions while lower levels handle details.
Goal: Sip from a Cup
- The process of acting (like sipping from a cup) involves steps in the prefrontal cortex, then pre-motor areas, then primary motor cortex, and finally the spinal cord, leading to muscle movement and feedback loops.
Sensorimotor Principles
- Hierarchical Organization: The sensorimotor system is organized like a company with different levels each with specific duties. This is efficient and allows higher levels to plan while lower levels execute.
- Sensory Input Guides Motor Output: Almost all movements are adjusted by sensory feedback, allowing for a better outcome, like picking things up and adapting to unexpected disturbances. Only ballistic movements are not guided by continuous sensory feedback.
- Learning Changes Control: Initial actions require conscious effort, but they become integrated and automatic with practice. Skills develop as conscious control is transitioned to the body's automatic response to its environment.
General Model of Sensorimotor System
- The diagram shows the flow of information through the system from the association cortex down to the spinal motor circuits, controlling muscles for movement.
- The model highlights various regions in the brain and spinal cord that are involved.
Sensorimotor Association Cortex
- Two key areas are the posterior parietal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Posterior Parietal Cortex
- This area provides information on where body parts are relative to the external environment, receiving inputs from visual, auditory, and sensory systems.
- Damage to this area can cause significant problems, such as apraxia (problems with movement on command) and contralateral neglect (ignoring parts of the environment).
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
- This area plays an important role in assessing external stimuli and initiating movement using planned actions and in conjunction with the posterior parietal cortex, allowing the system to correctly interpret sensory information about the external world and initiate movement that responds to this information.
Secondary Motor Cortex
- This area receives information from the association cortex, other areas of secondary motor cortex, and brainstem areas
- multiple areas within the secondary motor cortex are involved
- The stimulation in these areas will produce a complex movement
- involved in preparing and planning movements before carrying them out
Mirror Neurons
- These neurons fire both when an individual performs a specific action and when observing someone else performing that same action.
- Contributes to social cognition.
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Description
Explore the hierarchical organization of the sensorimotor system, which effectively controls movement. Understand how sensory input guides motor output and the steps involved in simple actions like sipping from a cup. This overview delves into the roles of different cortical areas in movement execution.
