Sensation and Perception Theories
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Questions and Answers

What does 'habituation' in infant perception refer to?

  • A reflex reaction to physical stimuli like temperature variations
  • The reduction in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations (correct)
  • Observing an infant's gaze patterns to determine cognitive abilities
  • The procedure of alternating between familiar and novel items to test interest

    • Which of the following best describes a 'schema' in the context of infant perception?

  • A physical demonstration of reflexes observed in infants
  • A structured cognitive framework for organizing knowledge (correct)
  • An observable change in an infant’s sucking behavior
  • A method to record gaze intensity during visual tasks

    • What is a common limitation of using preferential looking as a method for testing infants?

  • It relies solely on auditory processing skills
  • It cannot distinguish between different types of stimuli
  • Infants may not show consistent gaze patterns (correct)
  • Infants may be naturally biased towards one stimulus

    • Which neonatal reflex is not typically associated with touch in infants?

    <p>Moro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by infants altering their sucking patterns on different pacifiers?

    <p>They can discriminate between different types of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate visual acuity of a newborn?

    <p>20/600</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does visual acuity typically reach adult levels?

    <p>By 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of color perception can newborns distinguish?

    <p>Brightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hue' refer to in the context of color vision?

    <p>The wavelength of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following developments comes after visual acuity in infancy?

    <p>Color vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between sensation and perception?

    <p>Sensation is the detection of stimuli; perception is the interpretation of those stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes 'affordances' in perceptual development?

    <p>The environmental properties that allow interaction with objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, how does perception develop?

    <p>As a combination of innate perceptions and corrected impressions based on experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding perceptual abilities in children?

    <p>Perceptual skill measures in older children can apply to younger children without adjustment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nativist accounts explain perceptual development?

    <p>Meaningful perceptual structures exist innately in the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does intelligence play in Piaget's theory of perception?

    <p>It enhances perception through experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cue is essential to the development of vision in infants?

    <p>Movement detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of intermodal perception refer to?

    <p>The ability to perceive the same stimulus through different senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are infants typically able to group colors into basic categories?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skill improves with binocular vision development in infants?

    <p>Size constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual preference do newborns show according to research?

    <p>Patterns over plain stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infants begin to take in features inside a pattern?

    <p>By 2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability do newborn infants possess regarding shape perception?

    <p>Shape constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are infants almost as capable as adults in seeing a unified pattern in a moving image?

    <p>By 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which visual ability continues to develop until about 11 years of age?

    <p>Size constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants demonstrate a preference for moving objects?

    <p>They rely more on motion for recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to show a preference for human face patterns over other stimuli?

    <p>At birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method was used to demonstrate depth perception in infants at 6 months?

    <p>Visual Cliff task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age do infants first appear to be sensitive to kinetic depth cues?

    <p>3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method that infants use to detect depth by 3 months of age?

    <p>Retinal disparity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual behavior do 1-month-old infants exhibit concerning faces?

    <p>Scan the edges of faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of sensory integration can infants demonstrate as early as 1 month?

    <p>Integrating tactile and visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to respond to pictorial depth cues?

    <p>7 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation indicates a mismatch in sensory information for infants?

    <p>Lip movements and sound discrepancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensation and Perception

    • Sensation involves detecting a stimulus through our sensory systems whereas perception involves interpreting these sensations, making sense of them.
    • We study perception to understand how we make meaning from the world around us, particularly in infancy and childhood.

    Theories of Perceptual Development

    • Nativist accounts suggest that inherent perceptual structures exist in the world, allowing us to directly perceive information.
    • Constructivist accounts propose that perception is a process of constructing meaning from sensory input, based on innate abilities and experience.

    Piaget's Theory

    • Piaget distinguishes between perception, an innate process, and perceptual activity, an intellectual refinement of initial impressions based on experience.
    • He argues that perception develops alongside intelligence, and perception relies on cognitive processing.

    Gibson's Theory

    • Affordances are the functional properties of objects that suggest their potential uses.
    • Invariances are consistent features of the environment that help us perceive and understand the world.
    • Schemata are mental representations that guide our understanding of the environment.

    Studying Infant Perception

    • Preferential looking tests an infant's ability to distinguish between stimuli by observing their gaze preference for one item over another.
    • Habituation-recovery assesses an infant's learning by repeatedly presenting a stimulus until their interest wanes, then introducing a novel stimulus to measure renewed interest or lack thereof.

    Limitations of Studying Infant Perception

    • Both preferential looking and habituation-recovery techniques are limited by the infant's potential attention span and their ability to express their preferences or learning.

    Development of the Senses

    • Touch: Infants display reflexes such as rooting and babinski and are sensitive to temperature. Kangaroo contact is beneficial for pre-term and low-birth-weight babies.
    • Taste: Pre-term infants taste preferences are influenced by the flavors their mother consumes during pregnancy.
    • Smell: Newborns can distinguish their mother's scent over other scents.
    • Hearing: Infants show a preference for organized sounds, like speech and music, and can effectively locate sound sources.
    • Vision: Develops over the first few years of life.

    Visual Acuity

    • Newborn vision is about 20/600, meaning they see at 20ft what a person with 20/20 vision sees at 600ft.
    • Acuity improves over time, reaching adult levels by age 5.
    • Visual accommodation, the ability to adjust the lens to focus on varying distances, is present in newborns.

    Colour Vision

    • Hue is the wavelength of light that distinguishes one colour from another.
    • Newborns can distinguish brightness but not hue.
    • Children develop colour vision in stages:
      • At 2 months: Can discriminate colour.
      • At 3 months: Can group colors into basic categories.
      • At 4 months: Perceive colours similarly to adults.

    Pattern Perception

    • Contrast sensitivity refers to the ability to distinguish differences in brightness within a visual pattern.
    • Infants show a preference for patterns over plain stimuli and complex patterns over simpler ones.
    • During the first few months, infants focus on edges and boundaries, then progress to features inside the pattern.

    Object Perception

    • Size constancy is the ability to perceive an object's size as constant regardless of distance. This is present at birth and develops as binocular vision improves.
    • Shape constancy is the ability to perceive objects' shapes as consistent even when their retinal image changes due to movement. This too is present at birth.

    Face Perception

    • Infants have a natural preference for human faces over other stimuli.
    • Even newborns show preference for their mothers' faces.
    • By 1 month, infants scan the edges of faces, focusing on the contrast between skin and hair, and by 2-3 months, they scan the interior of the face.

    Depth Perception

    • Visual Cliff task: 6-month-olds are hesitant to cross a visual cliff, demonstrating an understanding of depth.
    • Kinetic depth cues: These are clues provided by the motion of objects in our visual field, providing information about distance. 3-month-old infants are responsive to these cues.
    • Retinal Disparity: This refers to the slight differences in images each eye receives, allowing perception of depth. 3-month-olds use retinal disparity to perceive depth.
    • Pictorial depth cues: These are cues artists use to portray depth in 2D art, such as perspective. 7-month-olds show responsiveness to these cues.

    Intermodal Perception

    • This involves integrating sensory information from multiple modalities at once, forming a whole view of an object, and experiencing distress when sensory input is mismatched.
    • Infants demonstrate intermodal perception by linking lip movements with sound, or by associating puppets' movement with rhythm.
    • Infants also integrate tactile and visual information, preferring to explore objects that they have previously felt with their hands, suggesting they're gathering sensory information.

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    Developmental Psychology I: Infancy and Childhood Perception PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate concepts of sensation and perception, focusing on how we detect and interpret stimuli through our senses. This quiz dives into different theories of perceptual development, including nativist and constructivist perspectives, and discusses pivotal theories by Piaget and Gibson. Understand the relationship between perception, cognitive processing, and the world around us.

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