Perceptual Processes Overview

<p>The computational processing of information in the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychophysiology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transforming physical stimuli into electrical signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They argue that perception results from internal processes and motivated experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Top-down processing involves a higher level of mental processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptions in the absence of stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential for survival and reproduction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Müller-Lyer illusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain contributes to filling gaps in sensory information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different species have evolved specific mechanisms for detection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anomalous trichromacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colour constancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protanopia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lilac Chaser (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process opponent signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two functioning cones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monochromacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convert light to electrical signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases sensitivity to light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The perception of consistent brightness under varying light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fovea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is influenced by the amount of ambient light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more sensitive to low levels of light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyes adjusting to a bright room (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of photons per unit area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in image location perceived by each eye (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the line of equal distance for visual perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A visual illusion with no actual edges present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motion parallax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variation in perception of images by each eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereoscopic vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common fate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Objects are perceived as closer than the horopter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Texture gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enabling color perception and fine detail recognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L and M cones send signals in opposition to each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They explain how incomplete figures are perceived as whole objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It explains why certain colors can cancel each other out in perception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good continuation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → LGN → Primary visual cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Objects are seen as symmetrical rather than irregular. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The figure is the object of focus while the ground serves as the backdrop. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing a tree in the foreground against a sunset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It asserts that we perceive the simplest forms as figures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seeing the letter 'B' while ignoring the white paper around it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cultural background of the observer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A theory of perception that emphasizes the role of sensory information in shaping our understanding of the world. It suggests that we directly perceive information from the environment, rather than constructing it from our own experiences.

A theory of perception that suggests that the brain actively constructs our understanding of the world based on sensory input and our prior experiences and knowledge.

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and our perception of them.

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the activity of the nervous system.

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli, the nervous system, and our observable behaviors.

The process of converting physical stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can interpret.

The process of interpreting sensory signals for conscious awareness and action.

A situation where the brain's interpretation of sensory information doesn't match reality.

The idea that the brain uses prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.

The idea that the brain relies on sensory information to perceive the world.

A theory of perception emphasizing the active role of the brain in constructing meaning from sensory information.

The brain uses existing knowledge to make sense of incomplete or ambiguous sensory information.

The brain's interpretation of sensory information is subjective and can vary depending on individual experiences and expectations.

The range of light wavelengths visible to humans, typically between 400 and 700 nanometers.

The ability of the eye to perceive the direction from which light originates.

Photoreceptors responsible for vision in low light conditions, located in the peripheral retina.

Photoreceptors responsible for color vision and fine details, located in the fovea.

The central part of the retina with the highest density of cones, responsible for sharpest vision.

The subjective experience of light intensity, influenced by both bottom-up and top-down processes.

The brain's ability to maintain the perceived brightness of an object even when lighting conditions change.

The retina's ability to adjust its sensitivity to different light intensities.

Where an excitatory neurone inhibits activity in neighbouring neurones

The brain's use of prior knowledge and expectations to estimate brightness, taking into account factors like shadows.

An illusion where continued exposure to a stimulus leads to a visual sensation of the opposite color or brightness after the original stimulus is removed. For example, looking at a bright light for a long time and then looking away, you might see a dark afterimage.

The brain's use of prior knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information. It allows us to recognize objects and patterns even in ambiguous or incomplete situations.

The theory that our ability to see color relies on three types of cones in the retina, each sensitive to a different wavelength of light: red, green, and blue.

An inability to perceive certain colors due to a deficiency in one or more types of cones.

• Monochromacy: Only 1 or 0 functioning cones, complete color blindness.
• Dichromacy: Only 2 functioning cones, red, green, or blue color blindness.
• Anomalous Trichromacy: A defect in one cone type, resulting in a less severe form of color blindness.

A color perception test used to identify deficiencies in color vision. It uses a series of images with colored dots and numbers that are difficult to distinguish for people with color blindness.

This theory describes how the brain interprets signals from cones through opposing color channels (red/green and blue/yellow). If a signal from one color channel is stronger, we perceive that color. When the signals are balanced, we see a neutral color.

The tendency of the brain to perceive the color of an object as consistent, even if the lighting conditions change. For example, a red apple still looks red in the sun or under artificial light.

The conversion of a physical signal into an electrical signal that the nervous system can understand. In the case of vision, light is converted into electrical signals by photoreceptor cells in the retina.

Illusions that arise from incorrect interpretations of light and shadow due to prior knowledge of how light interacts with objects in 3D space. For example, the checker shadow illusion, where squares appear to be different shades even though they are the same color.

The perception of depth or distance using only one eye. This involves using clues like relative size, occlusion, and linear perspective to infer the distance of objects in the environment.

The difference in the images perceived by each eye, which helps us perceive depth and 3D objects. The brain combines these slightly different images to create a sense of depth.

The ability to perceive depth due to the slightly different images received by each eye. This is why we can see the world in 3D.

An imaginary line in space where objects appear to be at the same distance from both eyes. Objects closer to the horopter will produce crossed disparity, while objects farther away will produce uncrossed disparity.

The brain's ability to create edges or shapes that are not actually present in an image, based on context and surrounding information.

A set of principles that describe how we perceive and group objects in our visual field, emphasizing the importance of wholes and relationships between parts.

The principle that suggests we tend to group objects together that are close to each other in space.

The principle that suggests we group objects together that share similar features, such as color, shape, or texture.

The human eye creates 2D images from 3D objects. Computers struggle with this complexity, making it hard for them to accurately replicate human perception.

Relative size, occlusion, linear perspective, texture gradient, motion parallax, shadows, and shading are all visual cues that help us understand distance using just one eye.

The difference in the images received by our left and right eyes helps us create a sense of depth. The brain compares these slightly different images to create a 3D perception.

An imaginary line in space where objects appear at the same distance from both eyes. Objects closer than this line cause eyes to cross (crossed disparity), while objects further away require our eyes to uncross (uncrossed disparity).

Gestalt psychology argues that we see wholes, rather than just the individual parts. This means the brain uses context to interpret, instead of just relying on isolated sensory data.

The visible part of the ear, shaped like a funnel, that collects sound waves and directs them towards the auditory canal.

A tube-like structure that connects the pinnae to the eardrum, protecting the middle ear and guiding sound waves towards the eardrum.

A thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the outer and middle ear. It vibrates in response to sound waves.

The three smallest bones in the body: Malleus, Incus, and Stapes. They amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum and send them to the inner ear.

A fluid-filled, snail-shaped organ in the inner ear. It contains the basilar membrane, which vibrates in response to sound waves and triggers auditory transduction.

The process of translating sound vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can understand. This occurs within the cochlea thanks to specialized hair cells.

Extremely sensitive cells located within the organ of Corti in the cochlea. They convert mechanical vibrations to electrical signals, enabling us to hear.