Sensation and Perception Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does selective attention primarily involve?

  • Absorbing all stimuli available in the environment
  • Choosing one sensory channel and ignoring others (correct)
  • Increasing perception of unimportant stimuli
  • Focusing on all sensory inputs simultaneously

Which concept explains the viewing of different objects as having the same properties under certain conditions?

  • Change Blindness
  • Selective Attention
  • Inattentional Blindness
  • Perceptual Constancy (correct)

In dichotic listening experiments, what can be accurately recalled by participants?

  • Only the message delivered to the attended ear (correct)
  • Background noise from headphones
  • A summary of all messages received
  • Messages delivered to both ears

What is described by the failure to notice changes in a visual stimulus?

<p>Change Blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon often leads people to believe in the existence of ESP?

<p>Illusory Correlations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myopia (nearsightedness) is caused by which of the following conditions?

<p>Cornea is too long (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lens of the eye aid in vision?

<p>By changing curvature to keep images in focus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the cornea in the eye?

<p>Focus light onto the retina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in the retina?

<p>Detect light in low levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of Gestalt psychology explains our tendency to see patterns in objects close to each other?

<p>Proximity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing is related to understanding perceptions based on prior knowledge or expectations?

<p>Top-down processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Trichromatic Theory explain color vision?

<p>Using the interaction of three types of color receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes our ability to perceive objects as stable despite changes in sensory input?

<p>Perceptual constancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the absence of rods and cones in the visual field?

<p>Blind Spot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle of Gestalt psychology emphasizes the tendency to perceive complete shapes even when they are not fully represented?

<p>Closure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of psychological principle involves the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others?

<p>Selective attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Bottom-Up Processing and Top-Down Processing?

<p>Bottom-Up Processing constructs a whole from parts, while Top-Down Processing uses previous experiences and beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Perceptual Constancy allow us to do?

<p>Recognize objects as the same despite changes in perspective, distance, or lighting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Selective Attention?

<p>The ability to concentrate on one specific stimulus while filtering out others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Perceptual Set imply?

<p>Expectations influence how we interpret sensory information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates Top-Down Processing?

<p>Reading a poorly written word but still understanding it due to context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio affect perception?

<p>It improves detection sensitivity, resulting in more hits and correct rejections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychophysics, what does the term Just Noticeable Difference (JND) refer to?

<p>The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that can be detected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Parallel Processing play in perception?

<p>It allows multiple sensory inputs to be analyzed simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sense receptors in sensory systems?

<p>To convert external stimuli into neural activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about sensory adaptation is true?

<p>It causes a decline in responsiveness after initial detection of a stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Weber's Law explain about the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?

<p>JND is a constant proportional relationship to the original stimulus intensity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychophysics, what does the term 'absolute threshold' refer to?

<p>The lowest level of stimulus required for detection 50% of the time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'signal-to-noise ratio' in sensory perception?

<p>The comparison of background noise to the perceived stimulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes parallel processing?

<p>Simultaneously attending to multiple sensory inputs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element does perception depend on according to the components of perception?

<p>The conditions of the sensory field at present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of top-down processing in perception?

<p>To construct perception based on beliefs and prior knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of inattentional blindness?

<p>Failing to detect stimuli that are in plain sight due to focused attention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does change blindness manifest in visual perception?

<p>By failing to notice changes in a visual stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of photopigments in the retina?

<p>To absorb light and generate nerve impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of Gestalt psychology describes the tendency to perceive disconnected elements as a single group?

<p>Proximity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the inability to see distant objects clearly?

<p>Myopia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cones are primarily responsible for detecting short wavelengths of light?

<p>Blue cones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a pair of opponent colors according to the Opponent Process Theory?

<p>Red and green (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the lens of the eye serve in visual perception?

<p>Changing curvature to keep images focused. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cones and rods differ in their function?

<p>Rods are responsible for low-light vision, while cones detect color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of color blindness involves the absence or reduction of two types of cones?

<p>Dichromacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of perceptual sets, what do these concepts primarily illustrate?

<p>Describing behavioral patterns in relation to stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dark adaptation in the context of vision?

<p>The process of adjusting from light to dark environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'blind spot' refer to in the visual field?

<p>A location where rods and cones are absent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a phenomenon that leads to the belief in extrasensory perception (ESP)?

<p>Illusory correlations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monocular cue involves an object blocking the view of another object that is farther away?

<p>Interposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the visual cortex are responsible for detecting lines and edges?

<p>Feature detector cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes selective attention in cognitive processes?

<p>The process of choosing one sensory channel and ignoring others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does binocular disparity contribute to depth perception?

<p>By examining the difference in image location from each eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cue provides information for depth perception primarily through the size of an object in relation to distance?

<p>Relative size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'bottleneck theory' in attention?

<p>A model suggesting only important stimuli can pass through to conscious awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Trichromatic Theory?

<p>Color vision is determined by three types of photopigments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical in the process of figure-ground segregation?

<p>Identifying shapes and edges in the foreground (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the inability to see colors due to genetic abnormalities affecting cone types?

<p>Color blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic visual acuity threshold for individuals classified as blind?

<p>20/200 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept that suggests attention acts as a filter for sensory information?

<p>Filter theory of attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the failure to see an object in plain sight due to focused attention elsewhere?

<p>Inattentional blindness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition occurs when the cornea is too flat, causing distant objects to be seen more clearly than near ones?

<p>Hyperopia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of processing allows us to perceive objects as constant despite changes in stimuli?

<p>Perceptual constancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process through which we predict events before they occur, potentially through paranormal means, is known as what?

<p>Precognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lens in the human eye?

<p>To focus images on the retina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory relates to the tendency to believe that coincidences are more common than they actually are?

<p>Illusory correlation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate number of people required in a group before the likelihood of two individuals sharing a birthday exceeds 50 percent?

<p>23 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for converting light into neural activity in the eye?

<p>Retina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the retina are responsible for seeing in low light conditions?

<p>Rods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of photopigments in the retina?

<p>Generating nerve impulses when absorbing light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of Gestalt psychology describes our perception of incomplete figures as whole objects?

<p>Closure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of cones are mainly involved in detecting medium wavelengths of light?

<p>Medium-Wavelength (M) Cones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of cone cells respond maximally to different wavelengths of light?

<p>Long, medium, and short (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the blind spot in the visual field?

<p>It lacks photoreceptor cells due to the optic nerve's entry point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of opponent process theory?

<p>Colors exist in pairs of opposing colors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dark adaptation refer to?

<p>The recovery time needed for rods to regain maximum light sensitivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do dichromats possess in terms of cone types?

<p>Two types of cones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in Gestalt psychology emphasizes the perception of similar objects as grouped together?

<p>Similarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cue allows depth perception using both eyes?

<p>Binocular disparity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to depth perception when using monocular cues?

<p>It can be estimated using only one eye. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is vision categorized as legally blind?

<p>Vision of 20/200 or worse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monocular cue involves the idea that distant objects appear smaller?

<p>Relative size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of color blindness?

<p>Inability to distinguish certain colors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sense receptors in sensory processing?

<p>To convert external stimuli into neural activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Just Noticeable Difference (JND)' refer to?

<p>The smallest change in stimulus intensity that can be detected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of sensory adaptation?

<p>Decreased responsiveness to a constant stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'Signal-to-Noise Ratio' defined?

<p>The power of the signal to the power of background noise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Weber's Law state about the relationship between JND and stimulus intensity?

<p>There is a constant proportional relationship between JND and original stimulus intensity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'Perceptual Set' imply about perception?

<p>Past experiences and expectations shape how we perceive stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of Parallel Processing in perception?

<p>It allows for simultaneous processing of multiple sensory inputs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Transduction in the sensory systems?

<p>It is the conversion of external stimuli into electrical activities in neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensation

The process of detecting, converting, and sending stimuli to the brain as nerve impulses.

Perception

The brain's interpretation of sensory information, giving meaning to the detected stimuli.

Transduction

Converting physical energy into neural signals.

Absolute Threshold

The minimum stimulus intensity needed for detection 50% of the time.

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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

The smallest detectable change in a stimulus.

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Weber's Law

The size of the JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.

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Sensory Adaptation

Decreased responsiveness to a constant stimulus over time.

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Perception is determined by

Current sensory input, past sensory input and prior experiences.

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Perceptual Constancy

The tendency to perceive objects as unchanging despite changes in sensory input.

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Selective Attention

Focusing on one sense, while ignoring others.

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Inattentional Blindness

Failing to notice something obvious when attention is elsewhere.

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Change Blindness

Failing to notice a change in a visual stimulus.

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Visible Light

Electromagnetic radiation between 400 and 700 nanometers.

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Myopia

Nearsightedness, causing blurry far-away vision.

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Hyperopia

Farsightedness, causing blurry close-up vision.

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Birthday Problem

Calculating the number of people needed for a 50% chance of two sharing a birthday.

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Accommodation

Changing the eye's lens shape to focus on near or far objects.

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Retina

The eye's membrane that converts light into neural signals.

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Rods

Photoreceptor cells in the retina for low-light vision.

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Cones

Photoreceptor cells in the retina for color vision.

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Photopigments

Proteins in rods and cones that generate nerve impulses when light hits them.

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Gestalt Principles

Organizing perceptual elements into meaningful wholes.

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Proximity (Gestalt)

Objects close together are perceived as a group.

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Figure-Ground Segregation

Differentiating between foreground (figure) and background (ground) in an image.

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Signal-to-noise ratio

The comparison of the strength of a stimulus (signal) to the strength of background distractions (noise).

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What influences perception?

Perception is determined by what we are currently experiencing, what we experienced recently, and our past experiences.

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Parallel processing

The ability to process information from different sense modalities simultaneously.

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Bottom-up processing

Building a perception from individual sensory parts to a whole.

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Top-down processing

Using prior knowledge and expectations to shape perception.

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Perceptual set

Expectations that influence how we perceive stimuli.

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Filter Theory of Attention

Attention is a limited resource that acts as a bottleneck, allowing only certain information to pass through.

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Dichotic Listening

A research method where different auditory messages are presented to each ear simultaneously. This is used to study selective attention.

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Precognition

The alleged ability to perceive future events. This claim is considered paranormal and lacks scientific evidence.

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What is Accommodation (eye)?

The process of changing the shape of the lens in the eye to focus on objects at different distances (near or far).

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Optic Nerve

A bundle of nerve fibers that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Blind Spot

A small area in the visual field where we cannot see due to the absence of photoreceptor cells at the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

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Trichromatic Theory

Theory that we perceive color based on the activity of three types of cones: short, medium, and long wavelength sensitive cones.

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Opponent Process Theory

Theory that we perceive colors in terms of three pairs of opponent colors: red/green, blue/yellow, and black/white.

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Dual-Process Theory

Modern color vision theory that combines the Trichromatic and Opponent Process Theories.

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Monochromat

A person with only one type of working cone, resulting in limited color vision.

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Dichromat

Someone with two types of working cones, resulting in limited color vision.

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Relative Size

Distant objects appear smaller than closer objects of the same size.

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Texture Gradient

As objects move farther away, their texture becomes less distinct.

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Interposition

Closer objects block the view of more distant objects.

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Accommodation (eye)

The process of changing the shape of the lens in the eye to focus on objects at different distances. The lens becomes rounder for close objects and flatter for distant objects.

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Rods (photoreceptor cells)

Specialized cells in the retina responsible for seeing in low light conditions. They are more sensitive to light than cones.

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Cones (photoreceptor cells)

Specialized cells in the retina responsible for color vision. They are less sensitive to light than rods.

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What is 'Transduction' in sensation?

Transduction is the process of converting external stimuli, like light or sound, into electrical signals that the brain can understand. This happens in specialized nerve cells called sense receptors.

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What is 'Sensory Adaptation'?

Sensory adaptation is the decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time. This helps us focus on changes in our environment.

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What is 'Absolute Threshold'?

The absolute threshold is the minimum intensity of a stimulus that we can detect 50% of the time. It's the point where we can just barely notice something.

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What is 'Just Noticeable Difference (JND)'?

The JND is the smallest change in a stimulus that we can detect. It's the difference we can just barely notice.

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What is 'Weber's Law'?

Weber's Law states that the JND is proportional to the intensity of the original stimulus. This means that we need a larger change in a strong stimulus to notice a difference, compared to a weak stimulus.

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Signal vs. Noise

Signal refers to the stimulus we are trying to perceive, while noise refers to all the other distractions around us that can interfere with our perception. The ratio of signal to noise determines how easily we can detect the signal.

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What is 'Parallel Processing'?

Parallel processing is the ability to process information from different senses simultaneously. This lets us respond to a complex environment efficiently.

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What is 'Perceptual Set'?

Perceptual set is a predisposition to perceive something in a certain way based on our expectations and prior experiences. It can influence what we see, hear, and even feel.

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Color Blindness

The inability to see certain colors due to genetic factors that affect cone types, or brain damage.

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Monocular Cues

These are depth perception clues that we can use with just one eye, such as relative size, texture gradient, and linear perspective.

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Binocular Disparity

Our brain compares the slightly different images from each eye to judge depth. This is one of the main binocular cues for depth perception.

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Motion parallax

This monocular cue is used to perceive depth. Objects closer to us seem to move faster as we move our head, while distant objects appear to move slower.

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Binocular Convergence

This depth cue utilizes the inward movement of our eyes when focusing on a nearby object. The more our eyes converge, the closer the object.

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Study Notes

Sensation and Perception

  • Sensation is the process of detecting (objective) stimuli, transducing them into nerve impulses, and transmitting them to the brain.
  • Perception is the brain's interpretation of raw sensory input.
  • Transduction is the conversion of external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons.
  • Sense receptors convert external stimuli into neural activity for specific sensory systems.
  • Sensory adaptation is the decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus over time, also known as neural adaptation. Activation is strongest initially and weakens over time.
  • Psychophysics studies how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics.

Absolute Threshold

  • The lowest stimulus level that is detectable 50% of the time by the nervous system.

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

  • The smallest detectable change in stimulus intensity.

Weber's Law

  • A constant proportional relationship exists between the JND and the original stimulus intensity (I = Intensity of the stimulus, K = Constant).

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

  • The ratio of signal power to background noise power. A stronger signal relative to background noise, facilitates accurate detection.

Attention

  • Selective Attention: Selecting one sensory channel while minimizing others; believed to be controlled by the reticular activating system (RAS) and higher cortical regions.
  • Filter Theory of Attention: Information passes through a 'bottleneck' filter; information not attended is filtered out.
  • Dichotic Listening: A research design where subjects hear different messages presented to each ear simultaneously. They usually only accurately recall the message presented to the attended ear.
  • Inattentional Blindness: Failing to detect stimuli present in plain sight when attention is focused elsewhere.
  • Change Blindness: Failing to notice changes in a visual stimulus, while attention is elsewhere.

Perception

  • Top-Down Processing: Concept-driven processing influenced by beliefs and prior learning. It's not mutually exclusive with bottom-up processing.
  • Perceptual Set: Expectations influence sensory input.
  • Perceptual Constancy: Perceiving stimuli consistently across different conditions, despite differences in sensory input. Different concepts that describe patterns of behavior in relation to stimuli don't inherently explain that pattern.

Visual Perception

  • Visible Light: Electromagnetic radiation between 400–700 nanometers.

  • Hue: Light color.

  • The Cornea: Transparent eye part that focuses light on the retina.

  • Myopia: Nearsightedness - cornea too long, causing light focus in front of retina.

  • Hyperopia: Farsightedness - cornea too flat, causing light focus behind retina.

  • The Lens: Part of the eye that changes curvature to maintain focus.

  • Accommodation: Changing the lens shape to focus, on near or far, objects.

  • The Retina: Membrane in the back of the eye that converts light into neural activity.

  • Rods: Photoreceptors for low-light vision (approx. 92 million per eye).

  • Dark adaptation: Time needed for rods to regain maximal light sensitivity, in darkness.

  • Cones: Photoreceptors for color vision (approx. 6-7 million per eye).

  • Photopigments: Protein molecules (in rods and cones) that trigger nerve impulses when light is absorbed.

  • Optic Nerve: Transmits signals from the retina to the brain.

  • Blind Spot: Area in visual field where optic nerve leaves eye (absent rods/cones).

  • Hubel and Wiesel; recorded electrical activity in visual cortex of animals (cats), discovering feature detector cells, cells that detect lines and edges. At later levels, these cells detect complex shapes and movements.

  • Principles of Gestalt Psychology: German school promoting focus on how wholes are derived from basic parts.

  • Proximity: Objects close together are perceived as a group.

  • Similarity: Similar objects are perceived as a group.

  • Continuity: Continuous lines are perceived as a group.

  • Closure: Individuals tend to complete incomplete shapes.

  • Symmetry: Symmetrical objects are perceived as a group.

  • Figure-Ground Segregation: Separating an image into figure(foreground) and ground (background).

  • Trichromatic Theory: Color vision is based on sensitivity to three primary colors (short, medium, long wavelengths). These wavelengths are used to create colors.

  • Opponent Process Theory: Color vision functions in opposing pairs. eg: red/green, blue/yellow, black/white.

  • Colour Blindness: Difficulty seeing certain colors. Various types exist due to genetic abnormalities.

  • Depth Perception: Ability to judge distance. o Monocular Cues: cues from one eye. o Relative size: distant objects smaller o Texture Gradient: texture becomes less clear with distance o Interposition: closer objects obscuring father objects o Linear perspective: convergence of parallel lines with distance o Height in plane: objects higher perceived as farther away o Light and shadow: creates 3D form o Motion parallax: objects move faster if closer o Binocular Cues: cues from both eyes. o Binocular disparity : difference in images from each eye, combined to judge distance o Binocular Convergence: degree of inward movement of the eyes, helping judge distance.

  • Blindness/Vision Loss: Inability to see, related to issues with the eye or related structures.

  • Visual Agnosia: Failure to recognize objects despite intact memory and intelligence. Usually due to occipital lobe damage, and is different from related impairments.

  • Motion Blindness: Impaired ability to perceive motion.

  • Prosopagnosia: Incapacity to recognize faces.

  • Anosognosia: Unacknowledgment of one's own illness, or impairment.

  • Finger agnosia: failure to recognise one's own fingers.

  • Topographical disorientation: Difficulty finding familiar places.

  • Blindsight: Ability to respond to visual stimuli despite lacking visual awareness. Happens following damage to primary visual cortex.

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