Sensation and Perception Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does selective attention primarily involve?

  • Absorbing all stimuli available in the environment
  • Choosing one sensory channel and ignoring others (correct)
  • Increasing perception of unimportant stimuli
  • Focusing on all sensory inputs simultaneously

    • Which concept explains the viewing of different objects as having the same properties under certain conditions?

  • Change Blindness
  • Selective Attention
  • Inattentional Blindness
  • Perceptual Constancy (correct)

    • In dichotic listening experiments, what can be accurately recalled by participants?

  • Only the message delivered to the attended ear (correct)
  • Background noise from headphones
  • A summary of all messages received
  • Messages delivered to both ears

    • What is described by the failure to notice changes in a visual stimulus?

    <p>Change Blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon often leads people to believe in the existence of ESP?

    <p>Illusory Correlations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myopia (nearsightedness) is caused by which of the following conditions?

    <p>Cornea is too long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lens of the eye aid in vision?

    <p>By changing curvature to keep images in focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the cornea in the eye?

    <p>Focus light onto the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of rods in the retina?

    <p>Detect light in low levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of Gestalt psychology explains our tendency to see patterns in objects close to each other?

    <p>Proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of processing is related to understanding perceptions based on prior knowledge or expectations?

    <p>Top-down processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Trichromatic Theory explain color vision?

    <p>Using the interaction of three types of color receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes our ability to perceive objects as stable despite changes in sensory input?

    <p>Perceptual constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the absence of rods and cones in the visual field?

    <p>Blind Spot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle of Gestalt psychology emphasizes the tendency to perceive complete shapes even when they are not fully represented?

    <p>Closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of psychological principle involves the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others?

    <p>Selective attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Bottom-Up Processing and Top-Down Processing?

    <p>Bottom-Up Processing constructs a whole from parts, while Top-Down Processing uses previous experiences and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Perceptual Constancy allow us to do?

    <p>Recognize objects as the same despite changes in perspective, distance, or lighting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Selective Attention?

    <p>The ability to concentrate on one specific stimulus while filtering out others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of Perceptual Set imply?

    <p>Expectations influence how we interpret sensory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates Top-Down Processing?

    <p>Reading a poorly written word but still understanding it due to context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio affect perception?

    <p>It improves detection sensitivity, resulting in more hits and correct rejections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of psychophysics, what does the term Just Noticeable Difference (JND) refer to?

    <p>The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that can be detected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Parallel Processing play in perception?

    <p>It allows multiple sensory inputs to be analyzed simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sense receptors in sensory systems?

    <p>To convert external stimuli into neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sensory adaptation is true?

    <p>It causes a decline in responsiveness after initial detection of a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Weber's Law explain about the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?

    <p>JND is a constant proportional relationship to the original stimulus intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychophysics, what does the term 'absolute threshold' refer to?

    <p>The lowest level of stimulus required for detection 50% of the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'signal-to-noise ratio' in sensory perception?

    <p>The comparison of background noise to the perceived stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes parallel processing?

    <p>Simultaneously attending to multiple sensory inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element does perception depend on according to the components of perception?

    <p>The conditions of the sensory field at present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of top-down processing in perception?

    <p>To construct perception based on beliefs and prior knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of inattentional blindness?

    <p>Failing to detect stimuli that are in plain sight due to focused attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does change blindness manifest in visual perception?

    <p>By failing to notice changes in a visual stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of photopigments in the retina?

    <p>To absorb light and generate nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of Gestalt psychology describes the tendency to perceive disconnected elements as a single group?

    <p>Proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the inability to see distant objects clearly?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cones are primarily responsible for detecting short wavelengths of light?

    <p>Blue cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pair of opponent colors according to the Opponent Process Theory?

    <p>Red and green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the lens of the eye serve in visual perception?

    <p>Changing curvature to keep images focused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cones and rods differ in their function?

    <p>Rods are responsible for low-light vision, while cones detect color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of color blindness involves the absence or reduction of two types of cones?

    <p>Dichromacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of perceptual sets, what do these concepts primarily illustrate?

    <p>Describing behavioral patterns in relation to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dark adaptation in the context of vision?

    <p>The process of adjusting from light to dark environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'blind spot' refer to in the visual field?

    <p>A location where rods and cones are absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a phenomenon that leads to the belief in extrasensory perception (ESP)?

    <p>Illusory correlations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monocular cue involves an object blocking the view of another object that is farther away?

    <p>Interposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the visual cortex are responsible for detecting lines and edges?

    <p>Feature detector cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes selective attention in cognitive processes?

    <p>The process of choosing one sensory channel and ignoring others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does binocular disparity contribute to depth perception?

    <p>By examining the difference in image location from each eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cue provides information for depth perception primarily through the size of an object in relation to distance?

    <p>Relative size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the term 'bottleneck theory' in attention?

    <p>A model suggesting only important stimuli can pass through to conscious awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Trichromatic Theory?

    <p>Color vision is determined by three types of photopigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is critical in the process of figure-ground segregation?

    <p>Identifying shapes and edges in the foreground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the inability to see colors due to genetic abnormalities affecting cone types?

    <p>Color blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic visual acuity threshold for individuals classified as blind?

    <p>20/200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept that suggests attention acts as a filter for sensory information?

    <p>Filter theory of attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon describes the failure to see an object in plain sight due to focused attention elsewhere?

    <p>Inattentional blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition occurs when the cornea is too flat, causing distant objects to be seen more clearly than near ones?

    <p>Hyperopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing allows us to perceive objects as constant despite changes in stimuli?

    <p>Perceptual constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process through which we predict events before they occur, potentially through paranormal means, is known as what?

    <p>Precognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lens in the human eye?

    <p>To focus images on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory relates to the tendency to believe that coincidences are more common than they actually are?

    <p>Illusory correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of people required in a group before the likelihood of two individuals sharing a birthday exceeds 50 percent?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for converting light into neural activity in the eye?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the retina are responsible for seeing in low light conditions?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of photopigments in the retina?

    <p>Generating nerve impulses when absorbing light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of Gestalt psychology describes our perception of incomplete figures as whole objects?

    <p>Closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of cones are mainly involved in detecting medium wavelengths of light?

    <p>Medium-Wavelength (M) Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of cone cells respond maximally to different wavelengths of light?

    <p>Long, medium, and short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the blind spot in the visual field?

    <p>It lacks photoreceptor cells due to the optic nerve's entry point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of opponent process theory?

    <p>Colors exist in pairs of opposing colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dark adaptation refer to?

    <p>The recovery time needed for rods to regain maximum light sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do dichromats possess in terms of cone types?

    <p>Two types of cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in Gestalt psychology emphasizes the perception of similar objects as grouped together?

    <p>Similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cue allows depth perception using both eyes?

    <p>Binocular disparity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to depth perception when using monocular cues?

    <p>It can be estimated using only one eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is vision categorized as legally blind?

    <p>Vision of 20/200 or worse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monocular cue involves the idea that distant objects appear smaller?

    <p>Relative size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of color blindness?

    <p>Inability to distinguish certain colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sense receptors in sensory processing?

    <p>To convert external stimuli into neural activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Just Noticeable Difference (JND)' refer to?

    <p>The smallest change in stimulus intensity that can be detected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of sensory adaptation?

    <p>Decreased responsiveness to a constant stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the 'Signal-to-Noise Ratio' defined?

    <p>The power of the signal to the power of background noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Weber's Law state about the relationship between JND and stimulus intensity?

    <p>There is a constant proportional relationship between JND and original stimulus intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'Perceptual Set' imply about perception?

    <p>Past experiences and expectations shape how we perceive stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of Parallel Processing in perception?

    <p>It allows for simultaneous processing of multiple sensory inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes Transduction in the sensory systems?

    <p>It is the conversion of external stimuli into electrical activities in neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensation and Perception

    • Sensation is the process of detecting (objective) stimuli, transducing them into nerve impulses, and transmitting them to the brain.
    • Perception is the brain's interpretation of raw sensory input.
    • Transduction is the conversion of external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons.
    • Sense receptors convert external stimuli into neural activity for specific sensory systems.
    • Sensory adaptation is the decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus over time, also known as neural adaptation. Activation is strongest initially and weakens over time.
    • Psychophysics studies how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics.

    Absolute Threshold

    • The lowest stimulus level that is detectable 50% of the time by the nervous system.

    Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

    • The smallest detectable change in stimulus intensity.

    Weber's Law

    • A constant proportional relationship exists between the JND and the original stimulus intensity (I = Intensity of the stimulus, K = Constant).

    Signal-to-Noise Ratio

    • The ratio of signal power to background noise power. A stronger signal relative to background noise, facilitates accurate detection.

    Attention

    • Selective Attention: Selecting one sensory channel while minimizing others; believed to be controlled by the reticular activating system (RAS) and higher cortical regions.
    • Filter Theory of Attention: Information passes through a 'bottleneck' filter; information not attended is filtered out.
    • Dichotic Listening: A research design where subjects hear different messages presented to each ear simultaneously. They usually only accurately recall the message presented to the attended ear.
    • Inattentional Blindness: Failing to detect stimuli present in plain sight when attention is focused elsewhere.
    • Change Blindness: Failing to notice changes in a visual stimulus, while attention is elsewhere.

    Perception

    • Top-Down Processing: Concept-driven processing influenced by beliefs and prior learning. It's not mutually exclusive with bottom-up processing.
    • Perceptual Set: Expectations influence sensory input.
    • Perceptual Constancy: Perceiving stimuli consistently across different conditions, despite differences in sensory input. Different concepts that describe patterns of behavior in relation to stimuli don't inherently explain that pattern.

    Visual Perception

    • Visible Light: Electromagnetic radiation between 400–700 nanometers.

    • Hue: Light color.

    • The Cornea: Transparent eye part that focuses light on the retina.

    • Myopia: Nearsightedness - cornea too long, causing light focus in front of retina.

    • Hyperopia: Farsightedness - cornea too flat, causing light focus behind retina.

    • The Lens: Part of the eye that changes curvature to maintain focus.

    • Accommodation: Changing the lens shape to focus, on near or far, objects.

    • The Retina: Membrane in the back of the eye that converts light into neural activity.

    • Rods: Photoreceptors for low-light vision (approx. 92 million per eye).

    • Dark adaptation: Time needed for rods to regain maximal light sensitivity, in darkness.

    • Cones: Photoreceptors for color vision (approx. 6-7 million per eye).

    • Photopigments: Protein molecules (in rods and cones) that trigger nerve impulses when light is absorbed.

    • Optic Nerve: Transmits signals from the retina to the brain.

    • Blind Spot: Area in visual field where optic nerve leaves eye (absent rods/cones).

    • Hubel and Wiesel; recorded electrical activity in visual cortex of animals (cats), discovering feature detector cells, cells that detect lines and edges. At later levels, these cells detect complex shapes and movements.

    • Principles of Gestalt Psychology: German school promoting focus on how wholes are derived from basic parts.

    • Proximity: Objects close together are perceived as a group.

    • Similarity: Similar objects are perceived as a group.

    • Continuity: Continuous lines are perceived as a group.

    • Closure: Individuals tend to complete incomplete shapes.

    • Symmetry: Symmetrical objects are perceived as a group.

    • Figure-Ground Segregation: Separating an image into figure(foreground) and ground (background).

    • Trichromatic Theory: Color vision is based on sensitivity to three primary colors (short, medium, long wavelengths). These wavelengths are used to create colors.

    • Opponent Process Theory: Color vision functions in opposing pairs. eg: red/green, blue/yellow, black/white.

    • Colour Blindness: Difficulty seeing certain colors. Various types exist due to genetic abnormalities.

    • Depth Perception: Ability to judge distance. o Monocular Cues: cues from one eye. o Relative size: distant objects smaller o Texture Gradient: texture becomes less clear with distance o Interposition: closer objects obscuring father objects o Linear perspective: convergence of parallel lines with distance o Height in plane: objects higher perceived as farther away o Light and shadow: creates 3D form o Motion parallax: objects move faster if closer o Binocular Cues: cues from both eyes. o Binocular disparity : difference in images from each eye, combined to judge distance o Binocular Convergence: degree of inward movement of the eyes, helping judge distance.

    • Blindness/Vision Loss: Inability to see, related to issues with the eye or related structures.

    • Visual Agnosia: Failure to recognize objects despite intact memory and intelligence. Usually due to occipital lobe damage, and is different from related impairments.

    • Motion Blindness: Impaired ability to perceive motion.

    • Prosopagnosia: Incapacity to recognize faces.

    • Anosognosia: Unacknowledgment of one's own illness, or impairment.

    • Finger agnosia: failure to recognise one's own fingers.

    • Topographical disorientation: Difficulty finding familiar places.

    • Blindsight: Ability to respond to visual stimuli despite lacking visual awareness. Happens following damage to primary visual cortex.

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