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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is sensation primarily defined as?
What is sensation primarily defined as?
- The emotional response to stimuli.
- The sorting and analysis of stimuli.
- The interpretation of stimuli by the brain.
- The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy. (correct)
Which type of color blindness is characterized by an inability to distinguish red tones?
Which type of color blindness is characterized by an inability to distinguish red tones?
- Tritanopia
- Achromatopsia
- Deuteranopia
- Protanopia (correct)
What does perception involve?
What does perception involve?
- The absolute threshold of stimulus detection.
- Detection of physical energy.
- Activation of the sensory organs.
- Sorting, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli. (correct)
What is a recommended strategy for designing materials for both color-blind individuals and those with normal color vision?
What is a recommended strategy for designing materials for both color-blind individuals and those with normal color vision?
Which of the following best describes absolute threshold?
Which of the following best describes absolute threshold?
Which color combination is recommended for visibility to both color-blind individuals and those with normal vision?
Which color combination is recommended for visibility to both color-blind individuals and those with normal vision?
How does background noise affect perception?
How does background noise affect perception?
What percentage of women have some form of color blindness?
What percentage of women have some form of color blindness?
What does Weber's Law state?
What does Weber's Law state?
What can be considered a component of the sense of touch?
What can be considered a component of the sense of touch?
Which tool can be used to simulate how color-blind individuals perceive a design?
Which tool can be used to simulate how color-blind individuals perceive a design?
What is the difference threshold commonly referred to as?
What is the difference threshold commonly referred to as?
What type of color blindness causes difficulty in distinguishing between blue and yellow?
What type of color blindness causes difficulty in distinguishing between blue and yellow?
What is the average lifespan of receptor cells in taste buds?
What is the average lifespan of receptor cells in taste buds?
How should important information be presented to ensure understanding for both color-blind and normal vision audiences?
How should important information be presented to ensure understanding for both color-blind and normal vision audiences?
Which statement about sensory sensitivity is true?
Which statement about sensory sensitivity is true?
Which term describes individuals who are highly sensitive to taste?
Which term describes individuals who are highly sensitive to taste?
What design approach is suggested for logos targeting color-blind audiences?
What design approach is suggested for logos targeting color-blind audiences?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence individual susceptibility to pain?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence individual susceptibility to pain?
What is one of the functions of pain according to the information provided?
What is one of the functions of pain according to the information provided?
How does the Gate-Control Theory of Pain explain the experience of pain?
How does the Gate-Control Theory of Pain explain the experience of pain?
Which of the following methods is NOT suggested as a way to close the pain gate?
Which of the following methods is NOT suggested as a way to close the pain gate?
What psychological effect can increase a person's perception of pain?
What psychological effect can increase a person's perception of pain?
According to research insights, how can individuals potentially manage their pain perception?
According to research insights, how can individuals potentially manage their pain perception?
What principle explains why we perceive incomplete shapes as whole figures?
What principle explains why we perceive incomplete shapes as whole figures?
Which of the following statements best describes proximity in perceptual organization?
Which of the following statements best describes proximity in perceptual organization?
What does the principle of simplicity suggest about how we perceive patterns?
What does the principle of simplicity suggest about how we perceive patterns?
How does context influence perception according to the principles described?
How does context influence perception according to the principles described?
What is an example of top-down processing in perception?
What is an example of top-down processing in perception?
Which of the following best describes the principle of similarity?
Which of the following best describes the principle of similarity?
What phenomenon occurs with figure-ground ambiguity?
What phenomenon occurs with figure-ground ambiguity?
In the example of scattered dots forming a image, what principle is being illustrated?
In the example of scattered dots forming a image, what principle is being illustrated?
What is a key reason for validating a patient's concerns?
What is a key reason for validating a patient's concerns?
Which question is effective for assessing the severity of a patient's pain?
Which question is effective for assessing the severity of a patient's pain?
What should you do to help reassure a patient waiting for treatment?
What should you do to help reassure a patient waiting for treatment?
How can you help a patient feel more comfortable during treatment?
How can you help a patient feel more comfortable during treatment?
What is an appropriate immediate comfort measure for patients in pain?
What is an appropriate immediate comfort measure for patients in pain?
When should the treatment team be informed about a patient's pain level?
When should the treatment team be informed about a patient's pain level?
What is one of the primary goals when assessing a patient's pain?
What is one of the primary goals when assessing a patient's pain?
Why is observing body language important in assessing pain?
Why is observing body language important in assessing pain?
What is the primary function of linear perspective in depth perception?
What is the primary function of linear perspective in depth perception?
How does the brain interpret images from the retina?
How does the brain interpret images from the retina?
What defines perceptual constancy?
What defines perceptual constancy?
What do motion perception cues rely on?
What do motion perception cues rely on?
What is an example of apparent movement?
What is an example of apparent movement?
What is subliminal perception?
What is subliminal perception?
What influences cultural differences in perception according to the findings discussed?
What influences cultural differences in perception according to the findings discussed?
What effects do subliminal primes have on individuals?
What effects do subliminal primes have on individuals?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Sensation
Sensation
The activation of our sense organs by a source of physical energy. Think of it as the initial step in perceiving the world around us.
Perception
Perception
The process of sorting, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating sensory information by our brain. It's how we make sense of the world.
Stimulus
Stimulus
Any form of energy that activates our sense organs. This could be light, sound waves, pressure, or chemicals.
Absolute Threshold
Absolute Threshold
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Noise
Noise
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Difference Threshold
Difference Threshold
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Weber's Law
Weber's Law
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Psychophysics
Psychophysics
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Deuteranopia
Deuteranopia
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Protanopia
Protanopia
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Tritanopia
Tritanopia
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Achromatopsia
Achromatopsia
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Brightness Contrast
Brightness Contrast
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Patterns and Textures
Patterns and Textures
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Color Blindness Simulation Tools
Color Blindness Simulation Tools
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Clear Messaging with Icons
Clear Messaging with Icons
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Closure
Closure
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Proximity
Proximity
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Similarity
Similarity
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Simplicity
Simplicity
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Figure-Ground Ambiguity
Figure-Ground Ambiguity
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Active Perception
Active Perception
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Top-Down Processing
Top-Down Processing
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Bottom-Up Processing
Bottom-Up Processing
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Taste Buds
Taste Buds
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Supertasters
Supertasters
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Nontasters
Nontasters
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Skin Senses
Skin Senses
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Pain
Pain
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Chronic Pain
Chronic Pain
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Gate-Control Theory
Gate-Control Theory
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Endorphins
Endorphins
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Validate Concerns
Validate Concerns
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Assess Pain
Assess Pain
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Provide Reassurance
Provide Reassurance
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Offer Immediate Comfort
Offer Immediate Comfort
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Communicate with Team
Communicate with Team
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Observe Body Language
Observe Body Language
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Pain Severity
Pain Severity
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Hydration
Hydration
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Apparent Movement
Apparent Movement
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Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual Constancy
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Binocular Depth Perception
Binocular Depth Perception
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Monocular Depth Perception
Monocular Depth Perception
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Linear Perspective
Linear Perspective
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Visual Illusion
Visual Illusion
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Cues about Perception of Motion
Cues about Perception of Motion
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Cultural Differences in Perception
Cultural Differences in Perception
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation is the activation of the sense organs by a physical stimulus.
- Perception is the sorting, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
- A stimulus is any energy that produces a response in a sense organ.
Psychophysics
- Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between the physical aspects of a stimulus, and our psychological experience of it.
- Humans have more sensory abilities than just sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. For example, touch includes pain, pressure, temperature, and vibration.
Absolute Thresholds
- Absolute threshold is the lowest intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.
- Noise (background stimulation) can interfere with the perception of other stimuli. This affects all senses, not just auditory.
- As the strength of a stimulus increases, the likelihood of detection increases gradually.
- Our senses are highly sensitive. Increased sensitivity could lead to distractions. (e.g., hearing air molecules hitting the eardrum). Ideal vs. real conditions make detection harder (e.g., noise).
Difference Thresholds
- Difference threshold is the smallest level of change in a stimulus needed to perceive a difference. Also known as the just noticeable difference (JND).
- The size of the change needed depends on the initial intensity of the stimulus.
Weber's Law
- Weber's Law states that the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant proportion of the initial stimulus intensity, rather than a constant amount.
Sensory Adaptation
- Sensory adaptation is an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
- Sensory receptors are most responsive to changes in stimulation, not constant stimulation.
- Constant stimulation does not produce a sustained reaction.
- Repeated exposure to strong stimuli decreases sensitivity of sensory receptors.
- Adaptation allows the brain to mentally “turn down the volume” of constant stimuli.
Contextual Influences
- Contextual influence suggests our judgments of stimuli are affected by their context.
- For example, a small envelope with the same weight as a large one can be perceived as heavier due to context.
Vision
- Vision begins with light, which is electromagnetic radiation measured in wavelengths.
- The human eye can detect a range of wavelengths, the visual spectrum, including colors of the rainbow (violet to red).
- Cornea: Transparent, protective outer layer refracting light.
- Iris & Pupil: Coloured part and opening, controlling the amount of light entering the eye.
- Lens: Focuses light onto the retina by changing its thickness.
- Retina: Contains receptor cells (rods & cones): rods are for peripheral and night vision; cones are for sharp focus, color perception, and bright light vision. Cones are concentrated in the fovea (a sensitive area of the retina).
- Dark adaptation takes longer for rods than cones (20-30 minutes for rods vs. a few minutes for cones.)
Color Vision
- Normal color vision can distinguish at least 7 million colors.
- Color blindness occurs when certain types of cones are missing or function poorly (e.g., deuteranopia, protanopia, tritanopia).
- Trichromatic theory suggests three types of cones responsive to different wavelengths of light (blue-violet, green, and yellow-red).
- Opponent-process theory proposes four types of receptors processing colors in pairs (blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white).
Hearing (Mod. 10)
- The ear has outer, middle, and inner sections.
- Outer ear: Functions as a reverse megaphone, funneling sound waves to the eardrum.
- Middle ear: Contains the eardrum (vibrating membrane) and bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that amplify sound waves and transfer them to the inner ear.
- Inner ear: The cochlea, a fluid-filled structure, converts sound vibrations into neural signals for the brain. These signals are transmitted via hair cells along the basilar membrane.
- Theories of hearing include place theory and frequency theory, which describe how different areas of the basilar membrane are activated by different frequencies of sounds, and how the entire basilar membrane vibrates in response to sound. Different frequencies activate different areas and in different ways along the basilar membrane.
Other Senses
- The skin senses touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
- Pain is an important sense for survival, highlighting the importance of body cues responding to the environment.
- Many psychological and cultural factors impact sensitivity and experience of pain.
- Smell involves olfactory cells responding to molecules of substances in the nasal passages.
- Taste involves receptor cells responding to basic qualities (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami).
Perceptual Organization (Mod. 11)
- Perception is a constructive process, going beyond the stimuli to construct a meaningful situation.
- Gestalt laws of organization describe how we organize bits of information into meaningful wholes, including the concepts of closure, proximity, similarity, and simplicity.
- Top-down processing relies on higher-level knowledge (experience, expectations, motivations) to guide/influence perception.
- Bottom-up processing starts with individual stimulus components and builds to the whole (e.g., recognizing shapes to form a letter).
Depth Perception
- Depth perception involves our ability to see the world in three dimensions and perceive distance.
- Binocular cues (using both eyes) and monocular cues (using one eye) are involved in depth perception.
- Binocular disparity: Difference in images seen by the left and right eyes helps the brain estimate an object's distance.
- Monocular cues, such as relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax, and covergence, provide information about depth.
Illusion & Subliminal
- Perceptual illusions highlight how senses can produce errors in perception.
- Subliminal perception refers to stimuli we perceive unconsciously (below conscious awareness). Some studies show it can subtly influence impressions but lacks reliable scientific support for consistently altering behavior.
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