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Questions and Answers
Which concept emphasizes that wealth should not be viewed merely as accumulation, but rather in terms of the freedoms it facilitates?
What aspect of development does Dudley Seers emphasize alongside poverty reduction?
Which index is designed to provide a broader view of development beyond economic growth?
Which of the following components is NOT a part of the Human Development Index?
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In the context of measuring multidimensional poverty, which of the following is considered a key dimension?
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What is a primary aim of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the UN?
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Which of the following best describes the 'opportunity freedoms' mentioned in the content?
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Which theory supports active state intervention to improve economic outcomes and human development?
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What was the primary goal of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?
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According to modernization theory, what characterizes a traditional society?
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What was a significant consequence of the debt crisis referred to as the 'Lost Decade'?
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What does neoliberalism emphasize as part of its economic ideology?
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Which of W.W. Rostow's stages of economic growth directly follows the 'Take-off' stage?
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What is meant by the term 'rent-seeking' in an economic context?
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The strategies of ISI were mostly abandoned by the 1970s due to issues with which of the following?
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Post-neoliberalism often calls for increased state intervention in what area?
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What is a significant characteristic of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?
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According to Modernization Theory, what is considered a critical factor for a nation to transition from traditional to modern society?
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What were the economic implications of the Debt Crisis and the Lost Decade in Latin America during the 1980s?
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Neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus primarily advocate for which economic approach?
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Post-Neoliberalism differs from traditional neoliberal policies by emphasizing which aspect?
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What was one of the critiques of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?
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In the context of inequalities suggested by Jeffrey Sachs's Ladder of Development, which group is categorized as 'Not on the ladder'?
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What is a goal of the Human Rights-Based Approach in development?
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Study Notes
Sen's Capability Approach
- Amartya Sen argues that the value of wealth lies in the freedoms it enables, not the wealth itself.
- He distinguishes between two types of freedoms:
- Process freedoms: Political and civil rights that allow participation in decisions affecting one's life.
- Opportunity freedoms: Entitlements like education and healthcare, expanding the ability to lead fulfilling lives.
Multidimensional Approaches to Development
- Move beyond GDP to consider:
- Life expectancy
- Literacy rates
- Income distribution
- Freedom and capability expansion (accessing freedoms)
Human Development and Capabilities Approach
- Human development: Expanding freedoms, opportunities, improving well-being, and quality of life.
- Capabilities Approach: Focuses on the freedoms individuals have to live the life they value.
- Dudley Seers emphasized a human-needs-centered approach to development:
- Reducing material poverty, unemployment, and inequality.
- Promoting democracy and literacy.
- Improving human security and environmental sustainability.
- Greater gender equality.
Human Development Index (HDI)
- Developed by the UN Development Programme (UNDP)
- Composed of:
- Life expectancy
- Education
- Standard of living (GNI per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP))
- Provides a more multidimensional view of development beyond economic growth.
Measuring Multidimensional Poverty
- Poverty is not just about income but encompasses various deprivations in daily life.
- Three core dimensions:
- Health: Nutrition and child mortality
- Education: Access to schooling within the household
- Living Standards: Clean water, sanitation, electricity
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- 17 global goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to address global challenges.
- Key objectives:
- Ending poverty
- Achieving zero hunger
- Ensuring good health and well-being
- Providing quality education
- Achieving gender equality
- Ensuring clean water and sanitation
- Promoting affordable and clean energy
- Achieving economic growth
- Reducing inequalities
- Building sustainable cities and communities
- Ensuring responsible consumption and production
- Taking climate action
- Protecting life below water
- Protecting life on land
- Promoting peace, justice, and strong institutions
- Fostering global partnerships
The Ladder of Development (Jeffrey Sachs)
- A framework explaining varying stages of development individuals and nations experience.
- Underscores inequalities between countries.
- Stages:
- Not on the ladder: Extreme poverty, basic survival struggles due to poverty, disease, and ignorance. Disconnected from market economy.
- First rung: Entering the market economy for the first time, experiencing slight improvements like basic employment in low-wage industries.
- Starting to climb: Access to basic education and employment.
- Established in modern sector jobs: Modern sector jobs with better pay and working conditions due to higher education.
- Cosmopolitan elite: At the top of the ladder in developing countries, fully integrated into the global economy, enjoying lifestyle and opportunities similar to developed countries.
Human Rights-Based Approach to Development
- Focus on realizing the rights of individuals, especially marginalized groups.
- Integrates international human rights law into the development process.
- Critiques of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs):
- Simplicity, measurability, and concreteness were praised.
- Criticized for focusing primarily on basic needs, neglecting broader human rights, agency, and right-based approaches.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
- 8 international development goals adopted by the UN in 2000 to address global issues by 2015.
- Goals:
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
- An economic strategy to reduce dependency on imported goods by promoting domestic industries.
- Widely adopted by developing countries from the 1930s to the 1970s.
- Used tariffs and quotas to block imports and boost local production.
- Initially focused on basic goods, later expanding to complex industries.
- Used by Argentina and Brazil to develop domestic industries.
- Issues:
- Led to trade deficits, inflation, and economic instability.
- Many countries abandoned the strategy in the 1970s.
Modernization Theory (Traditional/Modern)
- Emerged after World War II.
- Development occurs as societies transition from traditional to modern systems.
- Developing countries can achieve economic progress by following the path of Western countries.
- Traditional society: Agricultural-based economy with low productivity.
- Modern society: Industrialized and urbanized with high productivity, emphasizing rationality and individualism.
Rostow's Five Stages of Economic Growth
- Traditional society: Subsistence agriculture with limited technology.
- Preconditions for take-off: Investments in infrastructure and expanding trade.
- Take-off: Economic growth becomes consistent, and industries expand rapidly.
- Drive to maturity: Diversification of the economy with advanced technology and ISI.
- Age of high mass consumption: Focus on consumption, welfare, and security.
Debt Crisis and the "Lost Decade"
- Financial crisis in the late 1970s and 1980s affecting many developing countries.
- Causes:
- Oil price shocks (many countries relied on imported oil)
- Rising interest rates
- Other factors
Rent-Seeking
- Individuals or groups try to gain wealth without creating new wealth or contributing to productivity.
- Using political connections to secure economic benefits like monopolies, often leading to corruption
Neoliberalism/Washington Consensus
- An economic ideology emphasizing free markets, minimal state intervention, and privatization.
- Focuses on:
- Market deregulation
- Privatization
- Trade liberalization
- Fiscal discipline
- Openness to foreign investment
Issues with Neoliberalism
- Critics argue it can increase inequality, undermine social safety nets, and lead to environmental degradation.
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Description
Test your understanding of Amartya Sen's Capability Approach and its implications for development. This quiz covers key concepts such as process and opportunity freedoms, as well as the multidimensional approaches to analyzing human development. Dive into how freedoms shape quality of life and well-being!
