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Questions and Answers
What is the term for a sign that resembles the object it represents?
What is the term for a sign that resembles the object it represents?
Which term describes the literal, dictionary definition of a sign?
Which term describes the literal, dictionary definition of a sign?
What narrative perspective involves the narrator knowing less than the characters?
What narrative perspective involves the narrator knowing less than the characters?
What is a defining characteristic of a series compared to a serial?
What is a defining characteristic of a series compared to a serial?
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What term describes the arrangement of everything that appears in the framing of a shot?
What term describes the arrangement of everything that appears in the framing of a shot?
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What is the primary difference between connotation and denotation?
What is the primary difference between connotation and denotation?
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Which of the following correctly defines disparity of knowledge?
Which of the following correctly defines disparity of knowledge?
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How does dense seriality differ from vast seriality?
How does dense seriality differ from vast seriality?
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A photograph of a tree is an example of which type of sign?
A photograph of a tree is an example of which type of sign?
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What is the purpose of transmedia storytelling?
What is the purpose of transmedia storytelling?
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Which of the following lighting techniques is characterized by high brightness and even lighting?
Which of the following lighting techniques is characterized by high brightness and even lighting?
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What does the term flashback refer to in narrative storytelling?
What does the term flashback refer to in narrative storytelling?
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What does the term myth refer to in the context of semiotics?
What does the term myth refer to in the context of semiotics?
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What does a stylized setting aim to achieve in comparison to an authentic one?
What does a stylized setting aim to achieve in comparison to an authentic one?
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In what way does Brechtian staging differ from traditional staging?
In what way does Brechtian staging differ from traditional staging?
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Which component is NOT typically considered part of mis-en-scène?
Which component is NOT typically considered part of mis-en-scène?
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What is the primary purpose of a mockumentary?
What is the primary purpose of a mockumentary?
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Which term best describes the genre focusing on real people in unscripted situations?
Which term best describes the genre focusing on real people in unscripted situations?
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Which generation of reality TV is characterized by competition and challenges?
Which generation of reality TV is characterized by competition and challenges?
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What does 'Homo Ludens' signify in the context of play?
What does 'Homo Ludens' signify in the context of play?
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Which technique involves filming people without their knowledge?
Which technique involves filming people without their knowledge?
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What is the primary focus of ludology?
What is the primary focus of ludology?
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What term describes the virtual environment where a game takes place?
What term describes the virtual environment where a game takes place?
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Which of the following refers to content created by users rather than developers?
Which of the following refers to content created by users rather than developers?
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What is the difference between contrast and exposure in cinematography?
What is the difference between contrast and exposure in cinematography?
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What does the Rule of Thirds suggest when composing a shot?
What does the Rule of Thirds suggest when composing a shot?
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Which statement accurately describes diegetic sound?
Which statement accurately describes diegetic sound?
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What is the primary objective of continuity editing?
What is the primary objective of continuity editing?
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What effect does a bird's eye view shot typically achieve in a scene?
What effect does a bird's eye view shot typically achieve in a scene?
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Which type of shot involves a camera moving smoothly along a track?
Which type of shot involves a camera moving smoothly along a track?
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What does focal length affect in cinematography?
What does focal length affect in cinematography?
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What does gamification refer to?
What does gamification refer to?
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What is a close-up shot primarily used for?
What is a close-up shot primarily used for?
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Which filmmaking style emphasizes social and political issues of everyday life?
Which filmmaking style emphasizes social and political issues of everyday life?
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What aspect does 'Heightened Subjectivity' focus on?
What aspect does 'Heightened Subjectivity' focus on?
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Which principle of social media logics relates to the measurement of user engagement?
Which principle of social media logics relates to the measurement of user engagement?
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What is meant by 'Transnational Globalization'?
What is meant by 'Transnational Globalization'?
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What does platformization refer to in social media?
What does platformization refer to in social media?
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What is 'Remediation' in the context of media technologies?
What is 'Remediation' in the context of media technologies?
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What distinguishes a first-person perspective from other narrative perspectives?
What distinguishes a first-person perspective from other narrative perspectives?
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Which of the following best describes 'Formal Realism'?
Which of the following best describes 'Formal Realism'?
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Which statement best describes fidelity discourse?
Which statement best describes fidelity discourse?
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How does an omniscient narrative perspective differ from a limited perspective?
How does an omniscient narrative perspective differ from a limited perspective?
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What defines cross-media narration in adaptation?
What defines cross-media narration in adaptation?
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What is a visual narrator responsible for in a film?
What is a visual narrator responsible for in a film?
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Which statement accurately describes internal narrators?
Which statement accurately describes internal narrators?
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What concept is highlighted by the term 'seriality' in narrative structures?
What concept is highlighted by the term 'seriality' in narrative structures?
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What can the term adaptation imply in the context of storytelling?
What can the term adaptation imply in the context of storytelling?
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Study Notes
Semiotics
- Signifier: The physical form of a sign, such as the word "tree" or its letters.
- Signified: The concept or idea represented by the signifier, like the concept of a tree.
- Sign: A unit of communication combining signifier and signified (e.g., "tree").
- Icon: A sign resembling the object it represents (e.g., a photo of a tree).
- Symbol: A sign connected arbitrarily to its object (e.g., the word "tree," no natural connection).
- Index: A sign with a direct relationship to its object (e.g., smoke is an index of fire).
- Connotation: Cultural associations of a sign (e.g., "tree" might connote nature).
- Denotation: Literal dictionary definition of a sign.
- Myth: Widely held belief reinforcing dominant ideology.
Narration
- Story/Narrative: Sequence of events told or recounted.
- Plot: Arrangement of events in a story.
- Narration: Process of telling a story, focusing on how an event is presented.
- Disparity of Knowledge: Different characters or audiences having varying levels of knowledge.
- Hierarchies of Knowledge: How knowledge is distributed among characters and audience.
Cross-Media Narration
- Adaptation: Transforming a story from one medium to another.
- Fidelity Discourse: Discussions about how closely an adaptation should follow the original.
Narrators
- Implied Author: Hypothetical creator behind a work.
- Visual Narrator: Controls image sequences.
- Auditive Narrator: Manages audio elements.
- Filmic Narrator: Regulates interactions between visual and audio.
- Internal Narrator: Diegetic (within the story) or non-diegetic (outside the story).
- Frame Narration: Story within a story structure.
Seriality
- Seriality: Narrative unfolding in multiple installments.
- Protagonists: Multiple characters often featured.
- Narrative Problem: Presented and resolved (partially or fully) in each installment.
- Narrative Enigma: Unresolved problem maintained throughout.
- Examples: "Friends" or "Game of Thrones".
- Vast Seriality: Many characters with diverse plots.
- Dense Seriality: Fewer characters, focusing on character growth.
Mise-en-scène
- Mise-en-scène: Arrangement of elements within a shot (set design, props, costumes, movement).
- Costumes: Clothing actors wear.
- Authentic/Stylised Setting: Realistic or designed to create a visual style.
- Color: Visual tool for mood, symbolism, and interest.
- Props: Used by characters.
- Décor: Furnishings and decorations used in setting.
- Framing: Composition within rectangular frame.
- High-Key/Low-Key Lighting: Bright, even vs. high contrast and shadows.
- Three-Point Lighting: Key light, fill light, backlight.
- Brechtian Staging: Emphasizing artificiality in performance.
- Transnational Cinema: Films reflecting globalized cultures.
Cinematography & Sound
- Contrast/Exposure: Difference in images' lightest and darkest areas, and how much light hits film/sensor.
- Perspective: Camera position and how objects relate to each other.
- Focal Length: Distance from lens centre to focus, affecting magnification and field of view.
- Depth of Field: Range within a scene perceived as in focus.
- Framing & Aspect Ratio: Composing a shot and its image proportions.
- Long/Close-up Shots: Showing full vs. detailed views of subject.
- POV Shot: Character's perspective.
- Dutch/Canted Angle Shot: Tilted camera angled.
- Leading Lines: Visual elements leading viewer's eye.
- Rule of Thirds: Composition guideline dividing the frame.
- Shot/Reverse Shot: Cutting between characters during conversation.
- Dolly Shot: Moving camera along a track.
- Diegetic/Non-Diegetic Sound: Sounds in/outside the story world.
Editing
- Editing: Assembling shots to create a cohesive film.
- Continuity Editing: Creating seamless and logical flow of events.
- Establishing shot: Wide shot of setting.
- Shot-Reverse-Shot: Cuts back and forth between characters.
- Re-establishing Shot: Returns to initial establishing shot.
- Match Cut: Using visual or thematic similarities to connect shots.
- 180-degree/30-degree Rule: Guidelines for consistent screen direction and camera movement.
- Elliptical Editing: Condenses time by skipping unimportant details.
- Anchored Flashbacks: Flashbacks clearly tied to present event.
- Discontinuity Editing: Intentionally jarring transitions.
- Kuleshov Effect: Mental phenomenon where shots combine to evoke meaning.
- Cross-Cutting/Parallel Editing: Simultaneous events in different locations.
Documentary
- Documentary: Real-life footage used to depict events.
- Expository Mode: Clear argument expressed; often with voice-over.
- Performative Mode: Emphasizes filmmaker's involvement or subjective experience.
Reality Television
- Reality Television: Unscripted situations of real people.
- Extra-Televisual Discourses: Surroundings of a TV program.
- Big Brother (1999-): Early example of 24/7 filmed reality show.
- First/Second/Third Generation Reality TV: Different kinds of reality shows.
- Cinema Verite/Direct Cinema: Types of documentary styles which focus on 'real' observation and involvement without script.
Games
- Play: Enjoyable and self-motivated activity.
- Homo Ludens: Encompassing human behaviour through play.
- Interactivity: Player influence on narrative.
- Interpretative Gaps: Allow players to create own meanings in certain content areas.
- User-Generated Content: Content made by users instead of creators.
- Narratology/Ludology: Study of narrative structure/game's workings.
- Rules/Gameplay: Guidelines and interactions within game.
- Perspective/Dimensions (Gamespace): Player vision/virtual environment.
- Gamification: Implementing game elements in non-game contexts.
- Off-Screen Space (Games): Game world elements which are not directly visible to player
- Vocalization: Sounds and voices in the game.
Postmodernism
- Modernity: Period of rapid change, often relating to the Industrial Revolution.
- Fragmentation: Breaking down traditional narrative structures.
- Heightened Subjectivity: Focusing on individual experience.
- Postmodernism: Rejection of grand narratives, emphasis on irony and self-awareness.
- Transnational Globalization: Interconnectedness and cultural exchange.
- Formal Realism: Realistic representation through aesthetics
- Social Realism: Focusing on social and political issues in daily life.
- Formal Elements of Modernism / Social Elements of Modernism: Techniques/changes related to art & society/culture
Social Media
- Creator Culture: Individuals creating and sharing content online.
- Platformization: Social media taking over in media and culture.
- Programmability: Platforms' ability to shape content flow.
- Popularity: Importance of likes, shares, and engagement metrics for platforms.
- Connectivity: Interconnections between users and content across platforms.
- Datafication: Transforming social interactions into data for analysis.
- Platform Vernaculars: Unique languages, symbols and practices of each platform.
- Remediation: How new media adapts and alters older media forms.
- Autoethnography: Qualitative method using personal experience to understand phenomenon.
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Description
Explore the intriguing concepts of semiotics and narration, including the roles of signifier, signified, and various types of signs. Additionally, delve into the structure of narratives and the significance of plot and narration in storytelling. This quiz will test your understanding of these foundational concepts in communication and literature.
