28 Questions
What is the main function of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
To nurture and support developing germ cells
What type of cells are found in the interstitial tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules?
Leydig cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal cells
During development, what is the direction of primordial germ cell migration in the seminiferous tubules?
Downward towards the basement membrane
What is the characteristic of Apaired spermatogonia?
Remain attached to each other via intercellular bridges
What is the outcome of Aaligned spermatogonia division?
Formation of 4–16 connected cells
What process do aligned spermatogonia undergo to form spermatocytes and spermatids?
Meiosis
What type of cells comprise the vertebrate hematopoietic stem cell niche?
Osteoblasts, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and bone marrow stromal cells
What is the effect of HIFs on cells?
They increase the survival of cells by decreasing oxidative stress
What promotes the survival of cancer stem cells in a hypoxic environment?
An increase in intracellular ROS
Where are hypoxic environments often found?
In tumors where cell division outpaces angiogenesis
What is a characteristic of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)?
They can self-renew and have multipotency
What is the outcome of symmetrical cell divisions in bone marrow transplantation?
Reconstitution of the hematopoietic system
What is the effect of radiation therapy on HIF1?
It increases HIF1 amounts
What is the role of HIF1α and ROS interactions in cancer?
It induces EMT and promotes metastasis
What type of cells are produced in bone marrow that give rise to all other blood cells?
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
What genes are regulated by hypoxia in melanoma?
MXI1, FN1, and NME1
What is the current limitation of human ES and EG cells in terms of blood-producing cells?
They are not able to self-renew in the long-term
What is the purpose of apoptosis in the context of HSCs?
To eliminate excess HSCs in the body
What happens when excess stem cells are injected into an animal?
They undergo apoptosis and are eliminated
What is the effect of excess numbers of stem cells in an HSC transplant?
It improves the likelihood and speed of engraftment
What is the current understanding of the mechanism behind the effect of excess stem cells in an HSC transplant?
It is not well understood and requires further research
What is the sequence of treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia described by Thomas and Clift?
Chemotherapy, interferon, bone marrow transplants
What is the main advantage of ES cells in terms of their development?
They can be easily programmed and have perfect plasticity
Why are adult somatic stem cells considered an attractive option for therapeutic applications?
They are autologous and do not pose a risk of rejection
What is the traditional concept of adult stem cell development?
A linear and irreversible progression concluding in terminally differentiated cell types
What is the term used to describe the ability of tissue-specific stem cells to acquire the fate of cell types different from the tissue of origin?
Stem cell plasticity
What is a potential risk associated with the use of ES cells?
All of the above
What is the main advantage of adult somatic stem cells compared to ES cells?
They are autologous and do not pose a risk of rejection
Learn about the composition of the seminiferous epithelium, including sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and other components. Understand the structure and function of these cells in the development of the male reproductive system.
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