Seminar 10 & 11: Reasoning and Moral Decisions

Relative deprivation theory = Subjective perception of deprivation leads to social comparison behavior Resource mobilization theory = Protest is a rational collective action enabling groups to achieve their goals by putting pressure on those in power Social justification theory = People are motivated to defend the status quo because it satisfies their needs for certainty, security, and social belonging Group efficacy = Gives people a sense of collective power or strength on the basis of which they believe themselves capable of transforming the situation and destiny of their group

Distributive fairness vs procedural fairness = The use of correct procedures by authorities reduces individuals' negative reactions to unfavorable outcomes Group-based deprivation vs individual-based deprivation = Perception that the whole group is treated unfairly leads to social movements Group-level emotions such as anger = Bridge to specific action tendencies Collective action in corruption - need vs greed corruption = Mobilization depends on the type of corruption - need corruption is when corruption is necessary to have access to fair treatment

Lack of permeability motivates change through social competition = Unstable and illegitimate differences motivate collective action The role of emotions in collective action = Anger at a group level leads to specific action tendencies Social-psychological theories of collective action = Action results from the perception of expectancy – value Collective action in corruption = Mobilization depends on the type of corruption - need vs greed corruption

<p>The deontological perspective = Emphasizes adherence to moral rules and duties The utilitarian perspective = Prioritizes actions that maximize overall happiness or utility Moral foundations theory = Proposes that morality is based on innate intuitions and cultural learning Cultural learning = Continues to shape the first draft of the moral mind through experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate character (nativism) = Suggests that there is an initial predisposition to acquire norms, values, and behaviors before experiences Cultural learning = Indicates that the first draft of the moral mind continues to be shaped by experiences within a specific culture Morality is based on moral intuitions/automatic processes = Posits that there are dual pathways supporting morality, including automatic, heuristic, and deliberate reasoning processes Specialized functional mechanisms = Refers to preparedness in solving moral problems quickly through innate mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greed corruption = Used to gain extra advantages such as cheaper services Need corruption = Promotes collective action in response to a particular need or situation Moral dilemmas = Represent loosely defined situations illustrating conflicting values and choices Automatic processes in moral decision-making = Involve moral intuition and rapid evaluative feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Health system, government contracts, police = Can be associated with greed corruption and need corruption, influencing moral decisions Collective action = Promoted through need corruption in response to specific societal needs Reasoning pathway in moral decision-making = Primarily utilized for post hoc justification of moral intuitions Innate predisposition for morality = Suggests preparedness for quickly solving moral problems through specialized functional mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social proof (consensus) principle = Acting in accordance with perceived consensus Consistency (commitment) principle = Acting accordingly to previous actions, promises, or commitments Authority principle = Tendency to trust or agree with experts or authority figures Scarcity principle = Valuing rare or limited things and opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitude = Cognitions with an evaluative character Valence = Positive/negative/neutral evaluation Strength/intensity = Intensity of the attitude Attitude change = Movement from one evaluative category to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central route = In-depth information processing leading to attitude change Peripheral route = Shallow processing of information leading to attitude change resistance Low motivation/ability &amp; high credibility = Cue to trust regardless of argument quality High motivation/ability &amp; high credibility = Credibility impact depends on argument strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social categorization theory = Natural tendency to classify people into categories Social identity theory = Motivation to maintain high self-esteem and distinct identity Terror management theory = Activation of negative stereotypes about outgroup under death salient situations Realistic conflict theory = Groups in competition for limited resources leading to negative stereotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confirmation bias = Paying more attention to, processing, and remembering information consistent with prior beliefs Illusory correlation = Overestimating association between weakly or not correlated variables Outgroup homogeneity effect = Assuming greater similarity among outgroup members than ingroup members Stereotype threat = Negatively stereotyped individuals underperforming in stereotype salient situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prejudice and discrimination = Formation and maintenance of intergroup conflict Stereotype threat = Underperformance in stereotype salient situations due to concern about being judged/discriminated Terror management theory = Activation of negative stereotypes and increased motivation for ingroup favoritism under death salient situations Realistic conflict theory = Negative stereotyping due to perception of relative deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Care - harm = Emotional response to someone in need Fairness - cheating = Sense of justice and equality Loyalty - betrayal = Commitment to a group or individual Authority - subversion = Respect for hierarchy and order</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deontological perspective = Involvement of moral intuitions Utilitarian perspective = Prediction based on deliberation time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rational (analytic, slow, effortful) = Associated with higher deliberation time for utilitarian decisions Experiential (automatic, preconscious) = Involves automatic processing with affective interference Increased working memory capacity = Takes utilitarian decisions to a greater extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medial prefrontal cortex = Involved in deontological moral decisions Posterior cingulate cortex = Associated with emotional reactivity and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rational (analytic, slow, effortful) = Associated with higher deliberation time for utilitarian decisions Experiential (automatic, based on affect, preconscious) = Warmth (how friendly, trustworthy, and well-intentioned someone seems) Increased working memory capacity = Takes utilitarian decisions to a greater extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal - external = Attributions of behavior to personal traits or external circumstances Stable - unstable = Nature of the cause as enduring or temporary Global - specific = Extent to which the attribution applies across different situations Controllable - uncontrollable = Perceived ability to influence or change the cause of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers