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Questions and Answers
Which product has the capacity to absorb up to three times its weight in water?
Which product has the capacity to absorb up to three times its weight in water?
Which type of base is Hydrophilic Ointment, USP?
Which type of base is Hydrophilic Ointment, USP?
Which substance is obtained from the wool of sheep and contains not more than 0.25% water?
Which substance is obtained from the wool of sheep and contains not more than 0.25% water?
Which type of base does not contain oleaginous components?
Which type of base does not contain oleaginous components?
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What is the purpose of using antimicrobial preservatives in ointments and pastes?
What is the purpose of using antimicrobial preservatives in ointments and pastes?
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Why are pastes not suited for application to hairy parts of the body?
Why are pastes not suited for application to hairy parts of the body?
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How is zinc oxide paste prepared?
How is zinc oxide paste prepared?
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Why is it challenging to sterilize terminal products like ointments?
Why is it challenging to sterilize terminal products like ointments?
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What is the primary advantage of emulgel over conventional topical preparations?
What is the primary advantage of emulgel over conventional topical preparations?
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What is the main function of antimicrobial preservatives in gels?
What is the main function of antimicrobial preservatives in gels?
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What distinguishes emulgel from conventional topical preparations?
What distinguishes emulgel from conventional topical preparations?
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Which component allows gels to be formulated to contain a drug substance, solvents, antimicrobial preservatives, and stabilizers?
Which component allows gels to be formulated to contain a drug substance, solvents, antimicrobial preservatives, and stabilizers?
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Why are certain products routinely tested for microorganisms?
Why are certain products routinely tested for microorganisms?
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In which type of container are ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal, and rectal semisolid products almost always packaged?
In which type of container are ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal, and rectal semisolid products almost always packaged?
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Why are tubes considered superior to jars for packaging semisolid preparations?
Why are tubes considered superior to jars for packaging semisolid preparations?
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What is the purpose of the USP’s minimum fill test?
What is the purpose of the USP’s minimum fill test?
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Topical ointments, creams, and gels are designed to deliver drugs locally.
Topical ointments, creams, and gels are designed to deliver drugs locally.
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The rate of drug movement across the skin layer depends on the drug concentration in the vehicle.
The rate of drug movement across the skin layer depends on the drug concentration in the vehicle.
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Ointments are always medicated and used for their physical effects only.
Ointments are always medicated and used for their physical effects only.
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Ointment bases are generally classified into three groups by the United States Pharmacopeia.
Ointment bases are generally classified into three groups by the United States Pharmacopeia.
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A pharmacist may mix the components of an ointment using a mortar and pestle.
A pharmacist may mix the components of an ointment using a mortar and pestle.
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A stainless steel spatula should be used when the components of an ointment react with metal.
A stainless steel spatula should be used when the components of an ointment react with metal.
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Liquid substances or solutions of drugs should be added to an ointment without considering the ointment base's capacity to accept the volume required.
Liquid substances or solutions of drugs should be added to an ointment without considering the ointment base's capacity to accept the volume required.
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Gummy materials, such as camphor, can be incorporated into ointments using pulverization by intervention.
Gummy materials, such as camphor, can be incorporated into ointments using pulverization by intervention.
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Ointments are not effectively incorporated into bases because they soften greatly with the addition of water.
Ointments are not effectively incorporated into bases because they soften greatly with the addition of water.
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Ointment bases are selected based on the desirability of occlusion of the moisture from the skin.
Ointment bases are selected based on the desirability of occlusion of the moisture from the skin.
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Ointments can be prepared by two general methods: Fusion and Infusion.
Ointments can be prepared by two general methods: Fusion and Infusion.
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An ointment is generally applied to weeping or oozing surfaces, while a cream is applied to dry, scaly skin.
An ointment is generally applied to weeping or oozing surfaces, while a cream is applied to dry, scaly skin.
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Ophthalmic ointments provide extended residence time on the surface of the eye compared to ophthalmic solutions
Ophthalmic ointments provide extended residence time on the surface of the eye compared to ophthalmic solutions
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Ophthalmic ointments are cleared from the eye faster than solutions
Ophthalmic ointments are cleared from the eye faster than solutions
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Ophthalmic ointments must meet the USP sterility tests and the test for metal particles
Ophthalmic ointments must meet the USP sterility tests and the test for metal particles
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Each drug and other components used in ophthalmic ointments are rendered sterile separately and then incorporated in preparing the final product
Each drug and other components used in ophthalmic ointments are rendered sterile separately and then incorporated in preparing the final product
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What is the primary difference between ointments, creams, and gels?
What is the primary difference between ointments, creams, and gels?
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Which type of semisolid dosage form has the capacity to absorb up to three times its weight in water?
Which type of semisolid dosage form has the capacity to absorb up to three times its weight in water?
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Why should systemic drug absorption be considered when using topical products for pregnant or nursing patients?
Why should systemic drug absorption be considered when using topical products for pregnant or nursing patients?
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In which type of container are ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal, and rectal semisolid products almost always packaged?
In which type of container are ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal, and rectal semisolid products almost always packaged?
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What method is best suited for preparing medicated ointments containing beeswax, stearyl alcohol, and high molecular weight PEGs?
What method is best suited for preparing medicated ointments containing beeswax, stearyl alcohol, and high molecular weight PEGs?
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Which equipment is used for large-scale congealing of ointments after the fusion method?
Which equipment is used for large-scale congealing of ointments after the fusion method?
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What is the purpose of passing the congealed ointment through an ointment mill or rubbing with a spatula or in a mortar?
What is the purpose of passing the congealed ointment through an ointment mill or rubbing with a spatula or in a mortar?
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What type of mills can be used on a large scale to force coarsely formed ointments through stainless steel or ceramic rollers?
What type of mills can be used on a large scale to force coarsely formed ointments through stainless steel or ceramic rollers?
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What is the primary factor to consider when selecting the appropriate ointment base?
What is the primary factor to consider when selecting the appropriate ointment base?
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Which method is used for preparing ointments by mixing the components until a uniform preparation is attained?
Which method is used for preparing ointments by mixing the components until a uniform preparation is attained?
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What should be considered when incorporating large amounts of aqueous solutions into certain ointment bases?
What should be considered when incorporating large amounts of aqueous solutions into certain ointment bases?
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Which characteristic makes some ointments generally more suitable for application to dry, scaly skin?
Which characteristic makes some ointments generally more suitable for application to dry, scaly skin?
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Why do creams usually require the addition of a preservative?
Why do creams usually require the addition of a preservative?
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What is the primary purpose of gelling agents in the preparation of gels?
What is the primary purpose of gelling agents in the preparation of gels?
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What is the main reason for shaking medicated gels before use?
What is the main reason for shaking medicated gels before use?
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What is the significance of adding a suitable solvent with preservatives and other additives in gel preparation?
What is the significance of adding a suitable solvent with preservatives and other additives in gel preparation?
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What is the primary function of gelling agents in the preparation of gels?
What is the primary function of gelling agents in the preparation of gels?
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Why must creams usually require the addition of a preservative?
Why must creams usually require the addition of a preservative?
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What is the significance of gels thickening on standing and requiring shaking before use?
What is the significance of gels thickening on standing and requiring shaking before use?
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What is the main advantage of medicated gels prepared for administration by various routes?
What is the main advantage of medicated gels prepared for administration by various routes?
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What is the primary reason for adding a suitable solvent with preservatives and other additives in gel preparation?
What is the primary reason for adding a suitable solvent with preservatives and other additives in gel preparation?
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Study Notes
Hydrophilic Petrolatum, USP
- Formula for 1,000 g preparation: Cholesterol 30 g, Stearyl alc. 30 g, White wax 80 g, and White petrolatum 860 g
- Commercial products like Aquaphor and Aquabase can absorb up to three times their weight in water and are useful for incorporating water-soluble drugs into oleaginous ointment bases
Lanolin, USP
- Obtained from the wool of sheep and purified to contain not more than 0.25% water
- A waxlike substance that has been cleaned, deodorized, and decolorized
Water-Removable Bases (Water-washable)
- Oil-in-water emulsions (o/w) resembling creams
- Easily washed from skin and often called water-washable bases
- Can be diluted with water or aqueous solutions and absorb serous discharges
- Hydrophilic Ointment, USP is an example of this type of base
- Formula for 1,000 g preparation: Methylparaben 0.25 g, Propylparaben 0.15 g, Lauryl sulfate 10 g, Propylene glycol 120 g, Stearyl alcohol 250 g, White petrolatum 250 g, and Purified water 370 g
Water-Soluble Bases (Greaseless)
- Do not contain oleaginous components
Microbial Limit Test and Minimum Fill Test
- Conducted for both raw materials and finished products
- Used to determine the net weight or volume of the content of the filled containers
Packaging, Storage, and Labeling
- Ointments and semisolid preparations packaged in large mouth ointment jars or metal/plastic tubes
- Topical dermatologic products in jars or tubes, ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal, and rectal semisolid products in tubes
- Jars and tubes should be compatible and stable with the intended product
- Tubes are superior to jars due to being lightweight, inexpensive, convenient, and providing greater protection
Antimicrobial Preservatives and Metal Particles Test
- Antimicrobial preservatives like methylparaben, propylparaben, chlorobutanol, and benzalkonium chloride are used as needed
- The USP test for metal particles involves microscopic examination of a heat-melted ophthalmic ointment
Pastes
- Semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin
- Contain a larger proportion of solid material (e.g., 25%) than ointments and are stiffer
- Can be prepared by direct mixing or heat softening the base prior to incorporating solids
- Often use a levigating agent to render the powdered component smooth
- Remain in place after application and are effectively employed to absorb serous secretions
- Not suited for application to hairy parts of the body due to stiffness and impenetrability
- Examples include zinc oxide paste, prepared by mixing 25% each of zinc oxide and starch with white petrolatum
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Description
Test your knowledge of pastes, a type of semi-solid dosage form, with this quiz focused on Chapter 10 material. Explore topics such as antimicrobial preservatives, steam penetration, ointment base, and metal particles testing.
