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Questions and Answers
What aspect of culture allows people to live together in relative harmony while distinguishing them from others?
What was a key finding of the study by Csikszentmihalyi & Figurski regarding self-reflection?
What happens to self-awareness according to the Self-Awareness Theory of Introspection when an individual exceeds their internal standards?
How does introspection affect behavior in competitive situations like taking a timed test?
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What can be a consequence of reflecting on one's behavior according to the Self-Awareness Theory?
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What was the role of the mirror in Diener & Wallbom's study on introspection?
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How do high internal standards affect future self-expectations?
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What does introspection primarily involve according to the discussed theories?
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What effect does increased introspection have on the likelihood of abusive comments on social media?
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In which situation are individuals most likely to compare themselves to others?
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What is the primary outcome of upward social comparison?
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How do people generally react to upward social comparisons when they believe they cannot improve?
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What impact does a calm voice have on individuals during a conflict?
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What is the primary focus of Self-Perception Theory?
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Which type of social comparison is aimed at self-improvement?
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What does downward comparison theory primarily help to restore?
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What do greater social norms often lead to when introspection is low?
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How does physiological arousal relate to emotions according to Dutton & Aron?
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What can significantly influence the perceptions of ourselves and others?
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What is the significance of observing our behaviors in particular contexts?
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What is one potential benefit of social comparison according to Gerber et al (2018)?
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Which motivation does self-enhancement correlate with?
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Study Notes
Introspection
- Introspection is looking inward to examine thoughts, feelings, and motives.
- Studies show that people have lower affect when thinking about themselves.
- Self-awareness theory suggests that introspection leads to evaluating and comparing our current behavior with internal standards and values. This can cause guilt and judgment.
- Self-awareness can be positive temporarily when we exceed our internal standards, but this often leads to raising the bar higher for the next time.
Observing Our Own Behaviour
- Self-perception theory: We infer our attitudes and feelings by observing our own behavior and the situation in which it occurs.
- Studies found that people are not good at knowing why they think or feel a certain way and this can lead to misattributing feelings of arousal.
- For instance, people may misinterpret physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate) as fear or excitement depending on the situation.
Comparing Ourselves To Others (Social Comparison)
- Social comparison is the process of thinking about others in relation to ourselves, noticing similarities and differences.
- We compare behavior, ability, opinions, life circumstances, jobs, and possessions.
- Social Comparison Theory: We learn about our abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others.
- There are three main types of social comparison:
- Upward: Comparing to people doing better than us - this can lead to envy and regret.
- Downward: Comparing to people doing worse than us - this can lead to feeling better about ourselves.
- Lateral: Comparing to similar people - this can provide a sense of belonging and support.
- Cultural differences exist in motivation for engaging in social comparisons.
- Responding to upward comparisons is complex and can lead to both positive and negative outcomes, depending on our perception of our ability to improve.
- Self-evaluation maintenance theory: We are threatened by the success of others in domains we care about. We can reduce this threat by:
- Reducing closeness to the successful person
- Reducing the importance of the domain
- Sabotaging the other person’s success
- People with narcissistic personality are more likely to reduce closeness to a friend who outperforms them.
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Description
Explore the concepts of introspection, self-awareness, and self-perception in this quiz. You'll learn how examining our thoughts and behaviors influences our feelings and decision-making. Delve into the impact of comparing ourselves to others and the psychological theories behind these processes.
