Self-Reflection and Behavior Examination
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Questions and Answers

What do we often misattribute when experiencing feelings of arousal?

  • Social comparison
  • Physiological reactions (correct)
  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Introspection

    • During upward social comparisons, why do individuals often feel threatened?

  • They think they can never succeed. (correct)
  • They believe they can improve themselves.
  • They compare with those who are at the same skill level.
  • They believe they will lose everything.

    • What impact can a calmer voice have during conflict according to research?

  • It lowers heart rate and fosters calmness. (correct)
  • It makes one seem more authoritative.
  • It increases tension in conversations.
  • It creates a sense of urgency.

    • In Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, why is the closeness to a friend relevant?

    <p>Closeness can intensify feelings of threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of social comparison may lead to gratitude according to contrast and assimilation theories?

    <p>Downward comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can downward social comparison have on an individual's self-esteem?

    <p>It may boost self-evaluations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivation strategy involves comparing oneself to others to confirm fears of inadequacy?

    <p>Self-destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with reduced closeness to friends who perform better?

    <p>Narcissism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of upward social comparisons when individuals do not see a path to improvement?

    <p>Harmful behavior toward the high achiever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social comparison depend on in the absence of an objective standard?

    <p>Comparisons to similar others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does introspection primarily entail?

    <p>Examining one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-awareness affect our feelings when we exceed our internal standards?

    <p>We feel good but recognize a need to do even better next time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed in Diener & Wallbom's (1976) study regarding participants with mirrors?

    <p>They were less likely to cheat due to heightened self-awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Self-Perception Theory, how do individuals determine their feelings?

    <p>By observing their own behavior and bodily reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome of the lack of introspection in social situations, as indicated by Sohn et al. (2019)?

    <p>A tendency to bully or engage in abusive comments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional states can be confused according to Self-Perception Theory?

    <p>Anxiety and excitement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative effect occurs if an individual feels they cannot achieve their previous success?

    <p>They feel an increased sense of pressure and failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of using introspection, according to the Self-Awareness Theory?

    <p>It enables objective self-evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did participants with high self-awareness show in terms of their behavior during a test?

    <p>Improved performance and adherence to values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to our internal standards as we frequently exceed them?

    <p>They elevate, creating higher expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introspection

    • Looking inward to examine your thoughts, feelings and motives
    • We rarely think about ourselves
    • Thinking about ourselves can cause negative affect
    • We become judgemental and objective observers of ourselves
    • We become aware of our internal values and compare our current behavior to them
    • Self-awareness is only positive temporarily when we exceed our internal standards
    • Every time you exceed your expectations your standards get raised

    Observing Our Own Behaviour

    • We use our body reactions and behaviours to tell how we feel
    • We infer our attitudes and feelings by observing our behaviour and the situation it occurs
    • We have difficulty determining why we think or feel a certain way
    • We don’t know what influences our behaviours and choices
    • Our physiological reactions influence our emotions and it changes how we perceive things, others and ourselves
    • We can misattribute feelings of arousal: for example, anxiety vs excitment
    • Acting calmly influences our own and other's behaviour

    Using Other People For Self-Reflection: Social Comparison

    • Social comparison is the process of thinking about information about one or more other people in relation to the self
    • We notice similarities and differences between self and others
    • We compare our behaviour, ability, opinions, life circumstances, jobs and what we own
    • We compare ourselves to others when we have no objective standard to measure ourselves against
    • We compare ourselves to others when we care about our performance in the domain

    Upward Social Comparisons

    • Compare to others doing better than us
    • To improve self-esteem by identifying like them
    • To make ourselves feel better
    • Not comparing but identifying with better people
    • Feel successful
    • Boosts self-evaluation
    • Aim to assimilate with successful people

    Downward Social Comparisons

    • Compared to those doing worse than us
    • Because threats hurt our self-esteem
    • Restores self-esteem
    • Prone to people with low self-esteem to make themselves feel better
    • Boosts self-evaluations

    Social Comparison Theory

    • We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others
    • Culture influences motivation

    Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory/ Model

    • Comparing yourself to a friend only matters if we care about the comparison
    • We can reduce the threat to our self-evaluation by reducing closeness to the friend, stop caring about the thing itself, or sabotage to stop the friend from being good at it
    • Being outperformed by a friend is worse than by a stranger
    • Being out performed by a friend in something we care about is bad

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of introspection and self-awareness, focusing on how we observe our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It covers how our internal standards influence our self-perception and how we misinterpret our emotional reactions. Test your understanding of these psychological processes and their implications on our behavior.

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