Podcast
Questions and Answers
What do we often misattribute when experiencing feelings of arousal?
What do we often misattribute when experiencing feelings of arousal?
- Social comparison
- Physiological reactions (correct)
- Cognitive dissonance
- Introspection
During upward social comparisons, why do individuals often feel threatened?
During upward social comparisons, why do individuals often feel threatened?
- They think they can never succeed. (correct)
- They believe they can improve themselves.
- They compare with those who are at the same skill level.
- They believe they will lose everything.
What impact can a calmer voice have during conflict according to research?
What impact can a calmer voice have during conflict according to research?
- It lowers heart rate and fosters calmness. (correct)
- It makes one seem more authoritative.
- It increases tension in conversations.
- It creates a sense of urgency.
In Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, why is the closeness to a friend relevant?
In Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, why is the closeness to a friend relevant?
Which type of social comparison may lead to gratitude according to contrast and assimilation theories?
Which type of social comparison may lead to gratitude according to contrast and assimilation theories?
What effect can downward social comparison have on an individual's self-esteem?
What effect can downward social comparison have on an individual's self-esteem?
What motivation strategy involves comparing oneself to others to confirm fears of inadequacy?
What motivation strategy involves comparing oneself to others to confirm fears of inadequacy?
Which personality trait is associated with reduced closeness to friends who perform better?
Which personality trait is associated with reduced closeness to friends who perform better?
What is a consequence of upward social comparisons when individuals do not see a path to improvement?
What is a consequence of upward social comparisons when individuals do not see a path to improvement?
What does social comparison depend on in the absence of an objective standard?
What does social comparison depend on in the absence of an objective standard?
What does introspection primarily entail?
What does introspection primarily entail?
How does self-awareness affect our feelings when we exceed our internal standards?
How does self-awareness affect our feelings when we exceed our internal standards?
What was observed in Diener & Wallbom's (1976) study regarding participants with mirrors?
What was observed in Diener & Wallbom's (1976) study regarding participants with mirrors?
According to the Self-Perception Theory, how do individuals determine their feelings?
According to the Self-Perception Theory, how do individuals determine their feelings?
What is a likely outcome of the lack of introspection in social situations, as indicated by Sohn et al. (2019)?
What is a likely outcome of the lack of introspection in social situations, as indicated by Sohn et al. (2019)?
What emotional states can be confused according to Self-Perception Theory?
What emotional states can be confused according to Self-Perception Theory?
What negative effect occurs if an individual feels they cannot achieve their previous success?
What negative effect occurs if an individual feels they cannot achieve their previous success?
What is a characteristic of using introspection, according to the Self-Awareness Theory?
What is a characteristic of using introspection, according to the Self-Awareness Theory?
What did participants with high self-awareness show in terms of their behavior during a test?
What did participants with high self-awareness show in terms of their behavior during a test?
What happens to our internal standards as we frequently exceed them?
What happens to our internal standards as we frequently exceed them?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Introspection
- Looking inward to examine your thoughts, feelings and motives
- We rarely think about ourselves
- Thinking about ourselves can cause negative affect
- We become judgemental and objective observers of ourselves
- We become aware of our internal values and compare our current behavior to them
- Self-awareness is only positive temporarily when we exceed our internal standards
- Every time you exceed your expectations your standards get raised
Observing Our Own Behaviour
- We use our body reactions and behaviours to tell how we feel
- We infer our attitudes and feelings by observing our behaviour and the situation it occurs
- We have difficulty determining why we think or feel a certain way
- We don’t know what influences our behaviours and choices
- Our physiological reactions influence our emotions and it changes how we perceive things, others and ourselves
- We can misattribute feelings of arousal: for example, anxiety vs excitment
- Acting calmly influences our own and other's behaviour
Using Other People For Self-Reflection: Social Comparison
- Social comparison is the process of thinking about information about one or more other people in relation to the self
- We notice similarities and differences between self and others
- We compare our behaviour, ability, opinions, life circumstances, jobs and what we own
- We compare ourselves to others when we have no objective standard to measure ourselves against
- We compare ourselves to others when we care about our performance in the domain
Upward Social Comparisons
- Compare to others doing better than us
- To improve self-esteem by identifying like them
- To make ourselves feel better
- Not comparing but identifying with better people
- Feel successful
- Boosts self-evaluation
- Aim to assimilate with successful people
Downward Social Comparisons
- Compared to those doing worse than us
- Because threats hurt our self-esteem
- Restores self-esteem
- Prone to people with low self-esteem to make themselves feel better
- Boosts self-evaluations
Social Comparison Theory
- We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others
- Culture influences motivation
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory/ Model
- Comparing yourself to a friend only matters if we care about the comparison
- We can reduce the threat to our self-evaluation by reducing closeness to the friend, stop caring about the thing itself, or sabotage to stop the friend from being good at it
- Being outperformed by a friend is worse than by a stranger
- Being out performed by a friend in something we care about is bad
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
