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Questions and Answers
What do we often misattribute when experiencing feelings of arousal?
During upward social comparisons, why do individuals often feel threatened?
What impact can a calmer voice have during conflict according to research?
In Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, why is the closeness to a friend relevant?
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Which type of social comparison may lead to gratitude according to contrast and assimilation theories?
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What effect can downward social comparison have on an individual's self-esteem?
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What motivation strategy involves comparing oneself to others to confirm fears of inadequacy?
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Which personality trait is associated with reduced closeness to friends who perform better?
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What is a consequence of upward social comparisons when individuals do not see a path to improvement?
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What does social comparison depend on in the absence of an objective standard?
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What does introspection primarily entail?
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How does self-awareness affect our feelings when we exceed our internal standards?
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What was observed in Diener & Wallbom's (1976) study regarding participants with mirrors?
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According to the Self-Perception Theory, how do individuals determine their feelings?
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What is a likely outcome of the lack of introspection in social situations, as indicated by Sohn et al. (2019)?
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What emotional states can be confused according to Self-Perception Theory?
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What negative effect occurs if an individual feels they cannot achieve their previous success?
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What is a characteristic of using introspection, according to the Self-Awareness Theory?
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What did participants with high self-awareness show in terms of their behavior during a test?
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What happens to our internal standards as we frequently exceed them?
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Study Notes
Introspection
- Looking inward to examine your thoughts, feelings and motives
- We rarely think about ourselves
- Thinking about ourselves can cause negative affect
- We become judgemental and objective observers of ourselves
- We become aware of our internal values and compare our current behavior to them
- Self-awareness is only positive temporarily when we exceed our internal standards
- Every time you exceed your expectations your standards get raised
Observing Our Own Behaviour
- We use our body reactions and behaviours to tell how we feel
- We infer our attitudes and feelings by observing our behaviour and the situation it occurs
- We have difficulty determining why we think or feel a certain way
- We don’t know what influences our behaviours and choices
- Our physiological reactions influence our emotions and it changes how we perceive things, others and ourselves
- We can misattribute feelings of arousal: for example, anxiety vs excitment
- Acting calmly influences our own and other's behaviour
Using Other People For Self-Reflection: Social Comparison
- Social comparison is the process of thinking about information about one or more other people in relation to the self
- We notice similarities and differences between self and others
- We compare our behaviour, ability, opinions, life circumstances, jobs and what we own
- We compare ourselves to others when we have no objective standard to measure ourselves against
- We compare ourselves to others when we care about our performance in the domain
Upward Social Comparisons
- Compare to others doing better than us
- To improve self-esteem by identifying like them
- To make ourselves feel better
- Not comparing but identifying with better people
- Feel successful
- Boosts self-evaluation
- Aim to assimilate with successful people
Downward Social Comparisons
- Compared to those doing worse than us
- Because threats hurt our self-esteem
- Restores self-esteem
- Prone to people with low self-esteem to make themselves feel better
- Boosts self-evaluations
Social Comparison Theory
- We learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others
- Culture influences motivation
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory/ Model
- Comparing yourself to a friend only matters if we care about the comparison
- We can reduce the threat to our self-evaluation by reducing closeness to the friend, stop caring about the thing itself, or sabotage to stop the friend from being good at it
- Being outperformed by a friend is worse than by a stranger
- Being out performed by a friend in something we care about is bad
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of introspection and self-awareness, focusing on how we observe our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It covers how our internal standards influence our self-perception and how we misinterpret our emotional reactions. Test your understanding of these psychological processes and their implications on our behavior.
