Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Cognitive Dissonance Theory, what is one way individuals try to reduce dissonance?
According to Cognitive Dissonance Theory, what is one way individuals try to reduce dissonance?
- Avoiding any situation that might trigger dissonance.
- Ignoring the conflicting cognitions entirely.
- Changing one of the cognitions to reduce inconsistency. (correct)
- Seeking out more conflicting cognitions to understand the issue better.
Which factor does NOT typically contribute to cognitive dissonance?
Which factor does NOT typically contribute to cognitive dissonance?
- Perceived choice in performing an action.
- Strong external justification for actions. (correct)
- Commitment to a particular belief or action.
- Foreseeable aversive consequences resulting from an action.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of 'effort justification'?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of 'effort justification'?
- Rationalizing the energy invested into achieving a disappointing outcome. (correct)
- Minimizing efforts to avoid potential failures.
- Seeking external validation for expended efforts.
- Avoiding tasks that require significant exertion.
What are the two common patterns that often emerge in self-narratives?
What are the two common patterns that often emerge in self-narratives?
In the context of self-esteem, what does the term 'trait' refer to?
In the context of self-esteem, what does the term 'trait' refer to?
What is the 'anxiety buffer' in Terror Management Theory designed to mitigate?
What is the 'anxiety buffer' in Terror Management Theory designed to mitigate?
Which of the following defense mechanisms could explain someone attributing their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else?
Which of the following defense mechanisms could explain someone attributing their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else?
What is the primary focus of 'symbolic self-completion'?
What is the primary focus of 'symbolic self-completion'?
What is the main idea behind 'basking-in-reflected-glory (BIRGing)'?
What is the main idea behind 'basking-in-reflected-glory (BIRGing)'?
What potential psychological outcome is associated with unstable or low self-esteem?
What potential psychological outcome is associated with unstable or low self-esteem?
How might self-compassion affect an individual's self-esteem?
How might self-compassion affect an individual's self-esteem?
In the context of dramaturgy, what is a 'cynical performance'?
In the context of dramaturgy, what is a 'cynical performance'?
Which self-presentational strategy involves adjusting one's behavior depending on the audience?
Which self-presentational strategy involves adjusting one's behavior depending on the audience?
What is the definition of 'self-monitoring' in the context of self-presentation?
What is the definition of 'self-monitoring' in the context of self-presentation?
What does the 'spotlight effect' refer to in audience monitoring errors?
What does the 'spotlight effect' refer to in audience monitoring errors?
What is the 'illusion of transparency' in the context of audience monitoring errors?
What is the 'illusion of transparency' in the context of audience monitoring errors?
How does self-presentation support social interactions?
How does self-presentation support social interactions?
How does self-presentation contribute to self-improvement?
How does self-presentation contribute to self-improvement?
Which of the following is NOT a primary motive related to the self, based on the provided information?
Which of the following is NOT a primary motive related to the self, based on the provided information?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the use of lying as a self-presentational strategy?
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the use of lying as a self-presentational strategy?
Flashcards
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
A theory that explains how people reduce discomfort caused by inconsistent cognitions.
Ways to Reduce Dissonance
Ways to Reduce Dissonance
Changing a cognition, adding a third cognition, or trivializing the inconsistency.
Factors That Contribute to Dissonance
Factors That Contribute to Dissonance
Weak justification, perceived choice, commitment, foreseeable aversive consequences, and cultural influences.
Effort Justification
Effort Justification
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Common Self-Narrative Patterns
Common Self-Narrative Patterns
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Self-esteem
Self-esteem
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Terror Management Theory
Terror Management Theory
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Maintaining Self-Esteem
Maintaining Self-Esteem
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Self-Serving Attributions
Self-Serving Attributions
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Self-Handicapping
Self-Handicapping
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Better-Than-Average Effect
Better-Than-Average Effect
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Projection
Projection
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Compensation
Compensation
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Social Comparison
Social Comparison
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Basking-in-Reflected-Glory (BIRGing)
Basking-in-Reflected-Glory (BIRGing)
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Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
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Ostracism
Ostracism
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The good, the bad, the ugly of self-esteem
The good, the bad, the ugly of self-esteem
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Self-presentation
Self-presentation
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Spotlight Effect
Spotlight Effect
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Study Notes
- Key self-motives are consistency, esteem, and presentation.
Motive to Maintain a Consistent Self
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory explains the drive to maintain consistency.
Ways to Reduce Dissonance
- Change one of the cognitions involved.
- Add a third cognition reducing the inconsistency between the first two.
- Trivializing the inconsistency minimizes its importance.
Factors Contributing to Dissonance
- Weak external justification for behavior increases dissonance.
- Perceived choice in performing a behavior amplifies dissonance.
- Commitment to a behavior intensifies dissonance.
- Foreseeable aversive consequences resulting from a behavior heighten dissonance.
- Cultural influences can shape the experience of dissonance.
- Effort justification leads individuals to rationalize actions requiring significant effort.
- Self-narratives show consistency over time.
- Common patterns in self-narratives include stories of redemption or contamination.
- Nostalgia has effects on maintaining a consistent self-view.
Self-Esteem Motive: Establishing and Defending One's Values
- Self-esteem can be understood as a trait or a state.
- Self-esteem is universally pursued but varies between and within cultures (individualistic/collectivistic).
Terror Management Theory
- Anxiety buffer protects against the awareness of mortality.
- Mortality Salience Hypothesis examines responses to reminders of death.
- Cultural worldview defense is used to manage the terror of death.
- Self-esteem striving helps buffer anxiety about death.
Maintaining and Defending Self-Esteem
- Self-serving attributions are used to maintain self-esteem.
- Self-handicapping can protect self-esteem.
- The better-than-average effect enhances self-esteem.
- Projection is used in defending self-esteem.
- Symbolic self-completion involves maintaining self-esteem.
- Compensation/self-affirmation theory is used to defend self-esteem.
- Social comparison can be a method to maintain self-esteem.
- Basking-in-reflected-glory (BIRGing) as a method to maintain self-esteem.
- Self-evaluation maintenance model is a lens through which to understand how self-esteem is maintained.
- Ostracism impacts self-esteem.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Self-Esteem
- Self-esteem is not effortlessly granted.
- Unstable or low self-esteem can be linked to mental conditions.
- Worldviews significantly shape levels and expressions of self-esteem.
- The pursuit of self-esteem can have constructive or destructive outcomes.
- Self-compassion can effectively maintain stable, high self-esteem.
Self-Presentation: The Show Must Go On
- Dramaturgical Perspective views social interactions as performances.
- Performances can be sincere or cynical.
Self-Presentational Strategies
- Honing an image is used in self-presentation.
- Audience segregation enhances self-presentation.
- Lying (bending the truth to save face) can be a strategy for self-presentation.
Individual Differences in Self-Presentation
- Self-monitoring (high/low) affects self-presentation.
Audience Monitoring Errors
- Spotlight effect impacts self-presentation.
- Illusion of transparency affects self-presentation.
Importance of Self-Presentation
- Achieves specific goals.
- Protects self-image.
- Supports social interactions through cultural scripts and roles.
- Helps self-improvement by striving for the ideal self.
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