Self and Self-Awareness Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of behavioral self-handicapping?

To increase confidence in abilities

To create excuses for potential failure (correct)

To improve time management skills

To enhance performance under pressure

What is meant by 'affect blends' in facial expressions?

Emotions that are universally recognized without exceptions

Expressions that convey only one clear emotion

Facial expressions that express multiple emotions simultaneously (correct)

Expressions that can only be understood in specific cultures

How are display rules significant in social perception?

They vary by culture, influencing appropriate nonverbal behaviors. (correct)

They only apply to verbal communication norms.

They dictate the universal interpretation of emotions.

They ensure that all cultures understand each other uniformly.

What does the concept of 'thin slicing' refer to in social perception?

Making quick evaluations based on minimal information Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social perception, what role do schemas play?

They provide frameworks for interpreting complex social information. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Primacy Effect indicate about first impressions?

They significantly influence how later information is perceived. Signup and view all the answers

What is Belief Perseverance primarily concerned with?

Sticking to initial judgments despite new information. Signup and view all the answers

What does internal attribution imply about a person's behavior?

It reflects intrinsic qualities such as personality or attitude. Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT part of the Covariation Model?

Clarity Signup and view all the answers

The Fundamental Attribution Error involves an overestimation of which type of factors?

Internal, dispositional factors Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the concept of Perceptual Salience?

Noticing prominent traits and attributing behavior to them Signup and view all the answers

In the Two-Step Attribution Process, what happens in the second step?

A deeper consideration of situational reasons occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Just-World Belief reflect about people's perceptions of events?

People assume fairness governs the distribution of success and failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is somatoparaphrenia?

A feeling that a paralyzed limb does not belong to one's body Signup and view all the answers

What does self-awareness theory state about people's behavior when they focus on themselves?

They evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of self-awareness is a person primarily focused on how others perceive them?

Objective self awareness Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the tendency to view oneself in an overly positive light?

Self-serving bias Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between task-contingent and performance-contingent rewards?

Task-contingent rewards are given regardless of performance, while performance-contingent rewards depend on how well the task is done. Signup and view all the answers

According to social comparison theory, how do individuals learn about their own abilities?

By comparing themselves to other people. Signup and view all the answers

What is the looking glass self concept primarily concerned with?

How we believe we are perceived by others. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that people first experience physiological arousal before labeling it to form an emotion?

Schachter-Singer two factor theory Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ego depletion' refer to?

A state of mental fatigue that impairs self-control. Signup and view all the answers

What does the justification of effort suggest about the attractiveness of goals after hard work?

Goals become more attractive when hard work is involved. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes external justification?

It provides an explanation for actions from outside the individual. Signup and view all the answers

How does internal justification differ from external justification?

Internal justification changes one's attitude or behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the toy experiment regarding punishment levels?

Small punishment resulted in a permanent change in attitude towards the toy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hypocrisy as mentioned in the content?

Hypocrites view themselves as more virtuous than others. Signup and view all the answers

What does hypocrisy induction aim to achieve?

It highlights the inconsistency in people's preaching and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does insufficient punishment have on a child's behavior?

It leads to a minimal change in the child's desires. Signup and view all the answers

How does dissonance affect children in the context of cultural pressures?

Children desire to align with their peers but often feel conflicted with parental values. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of HARKing in scientific research?

It undermines the integrity of scientific research. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the file drawer problem?

Many studies with negative or inconclusive results remain unpublished. Signup and view all the answers

Why is scientific transparency emphasized in the context of research?

To ensure accurate and reproducible findings. Signup and view all the answers

What motivates researchers to engage in selective reporting of findings?

A preference for showcasing successful outcomes over failures. Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely reason researchers fail to replicate HARKed findings?

The original findings were based on chance rather than theory. Signup and view all the answers

What concept is crucial for maintaining scientific credibility according to the discussed content?

The rigorous separation of exploratory and confirmatory research. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to the replicability crisis in science?

Data-driven hypotheses that are presented as a priori predictions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of the replicability crisis on scientific fields?

It introduces greater noise into the literature. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Self and Self-Awareness

Mirror Recognition Test: A measure of self-recognition that can highlight self-awareness issues in individuals.
Somatoparaphrenia: A delusional belief where an individual perceives a paralyzed limb as not belonging to their body; typically affects recognition of the body's left side.
Self-Awareness Theory: Proposes that self-reflection leads individuals to evaluate behaviors against personal standards, influencing emotional response and subsequent actions.
Types of Self-Awareness:
- Subjective Self-Awareness: Focus on external environment, less self-reflective.
- Objective Self-Awareness: Heightened self-awareness, considering how others perceive oneself.

Self-Concept and Perception

Self-Concept: A collection of beliefs about one's personal attributes; matures from concrete in children to psychological complexity in adults.
Independent vs. Interdependent Views:
- Independent: Self-defined through personal thoughts and feelings.
- Interdependent: Self-understanding based on relationships and others' perceptions.
Self-Perception Theory: Individuals determine feelings through observation of their behavior and situational context, especially when feelings are unclear.

Motivation and Rewards

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory: Emotion arises from physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
Overjustification Effect: External incentives may diminish intrinsic motivation for enjoyable tasks.
Types of Rewards:
- Task-Contingent Rewards: Given irrespective of performance quality.
- Performance-Contingent Rewards: Based on the quality of task execution.

Social Comparison Theory: Individuals assess their own abilities and attitudes by comparing with others.
Social Tuning: Adopting attitudes of others, often unconsciously, based on social interactions.
Looking Glass Self: Self-perception influenced by how others view us.

Impression Management and Self-Defense

Impression Management: Strategies used to influence how one is perceived, including ingratiation and self-handicapping.
Self-Handicapping: Creating obstacles or excuses to deflect blame for poor performance.

Attributes of Social Perception:
- Study of how we form impressions and infer characteristics of others based on behavior and cues.
- First impressions can be formed in less than 100 milliseconds.
Encoding and Decoding:
- Encoding: Expressing emotions or intentions.
- Decoding: Interpreting observed behaviors or emotions.

Emotional Expression and Cultural Differences

Universal Emotions: Happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, fear, disgust are recognized across cultures.
Display Rules: Cultural guidelines on appropriate emotional expression; varies significantly.
Emblems: Nonverbal gestures with specific meanings in certain cultures.

Attribution and Biases

Attribution Theory: Attempts to understand motivations behind behaviors, distinguishing between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) causes.
Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating dispositional factors while underestimating situational influences on others’ behavior.
Self-Serving Attributions: Tendency to credit personal success to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Cognitive Dissonance and Justification

Just-World Belief: The assumption that good things happen to good people and vice versa, providing a sense of moral order.
Justification of Effort: Increased liking for outcomes from significant effort; negative experiences get rationalized.

Scientific Integrity and the Replicability Crisis

HARKing: Presenting data-driven hypotheses as if they had been predicted; undermines credibility in research.
File Drawer Problem: Tendency to publish only positive findings; leads to bias in available literature.
Call for Scientific Transparency: Emphasizes the necessity of publishing all research outcomes to validate and strengthen scientific findings.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts related to self and self-awareness, including mirror recognition, somatoparaphrenia, and types of self-awareness. Dive into the differences between independent and interdependent self-concepts, and explore how self-awareness impacts behavior and emotional response.