Selective Breeding and Transgenic Animals
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Questions and Answers

What is the main aim of animal breeders in enhancing productive performance traits?

  • To eliminate all genetic disorders in animals
  • To create entirely new species of animals
  • To increase the lifespan of domestic animals
  • To improve growth, milk yield, and feeding efficiency (correct)

Which of the following describes transgenesis?

  • The observation of inherited characteristics to determine genetics
  • The process of using spontaneous mutations to improve traits
  • Insertion of cDNA into cells through human intervention (correct)
  • Manipulation of an animal's phenotype using selective breeding

What is targeted mutation in the context of genetic engineering?

  • It refers to making a specific gene nonfunctional or functional. (correct)
  • It requires the addition of new species to the gene pool.
  • It is a method for enhancing the growth rate of animals.
  • It involves introducing random genes into the genome.

Which statement best describes the current routine use of transgenic animals?

<p>Their main application is in human disease research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the contributions of Developmental Biology and Genetic Engineering?

<p>Rapid development of techniques for creating transgenic animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential agricultural application of genetic engineering in animals?

<p>Enhancing disease resistance in livestock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before the advent of molecular genetics, how was the regulation and function of mammalian genes understood?

<p>By observing inherited characteristics and mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best characterizes the outcomes of DNA transfer methods in genetic engineering?

<p>They can lead to random gene addition and targeted gene integration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a transgenic animal?

<p>An animal that carries a foreign gene inserted into its genome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was the first transgenic organism?

<p>An E.coli bacterium transformed with plasmid DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used for creating transgenic animals?

<p>Micro-injection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to create functional transgenic animals?

<p>The transgene must be expressed correctly in the right tissue and time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes one of the strategies in producing transgenic animals?

<p>Creating animals for biosynthesis of non-conventional products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must accompany the gene to be transferred for it to function correctly?

<p>Appropriate promoter and regulatory sequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used in the production of transgenic animals?

<p>Gene knockout. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What application does transgenic animal technology primarily focus on?

<p>Improving animal productivity and biosynthesis of products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transgenic animal

An animal altered by adding recombinant DNA.

Transgenesis

Inserting cDNA into animal cells.

Targeted mutation

Making a specific gene non-functional or less functional.

Selective breeding

Enhancing desired animal traits through breeding.

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Molecular genetics

Study of gene function.

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Genetic improvement

Increasing productivity in domestic animals.

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DNA transfer methods

Techniques to add genes to animals.

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Phenotypic selective breeding

Enhancing desired animal traits by selecting those with best traits.

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Recombinant DNA

A foreign gene that's been inserted into the animal's genome.

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Transgene expression

The transgene producing proteins in an animal.

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Transgenic animal production methods

Different techniques used to create transgenic animals (e.g., microinjection, embryonic stem cell-mediated).

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Promoter and regulatory sequences

Essential parts of DNA that control when and where a gene is expressed (turned on).

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Production trait enhancement

Improving animal's productivity using transgenics (like milk production or meat yield).

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Commercial product biosynthesis

Creating animals that make a product other than their normal product (like medicine).

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First transgenic organism

E.coli bacterium with plasmid DNA.

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Study Notes

Selective Breeding and Transgenic Animals

  • Animal breeders have long sought to improve traits like growth, milk yield, and feeding efficiency in farm animals.
  • Phenotypic selective breeding, enhancing superior genetic traits, increased domestic animal productivity.
  • Before molecular genetics, genetic regulation & function were observed through inherited characteristics or spontaneous mutations.
  • Selective breeding was a pre-existing practice for trait enhancement.

Defining Transgenic Animals

  • Transgenic animal: An animal altered by the introduction of recombinant DNA through human intervention.
  • Transgenesis: Insertion of cDNA (from mRNA) into animal cells, directly manipulating DNA for gene expression.
  • Developmental Biology and Genetic Engineering facilitated transgenic animal creation.
  • Early gene transfers into mice showed foreign DNA integration & phenotypic modification was achievable.

DNA Transfer Methods and Applications

  • Some DNA transfer methods cause random gene addition, targeted gene integration (homologous recombination/gene replacement), and mutation.
  • Targeted mutation: Making a gene nonfunctional (knock-out) or less functional (knock-in).
  • Current routine use of transgenic animals (mostly mice) is in human disease research.
  • Potential agricultural applications include improved feed use, faster growth, disease resistance, leaner meat/other desirable qualities, and environmentally friendly animal waste.

Transgenic Animal Production & Design

  • Transgenic animals carry a foreign gene (recombinant DNA) in their genome.
  • Transgenic DNA usually includes sequences for incorporation & expression by host cells.
  • Transgenic animals are modified to enhance traits.
  • The first transgenic organism was E. coli, followed by a mouse with SV-40 viral DNA. SV-40 transgene was not expressed. The first expressing transgene animal was a mouse with cloned growth hormone.

Methods for Transgenic Livestock Production

  • Various methods exist for producing transgenic livestock, including micro-injection, embryonic stem-cell, retrovirus, sperm-mediated, transposon-mediated, and nuclear transfer.

Ensuring Transgene Functionality

  • For a transgene to function properly, integration of the appropriate promoter and regulatory sequences is needed.
  • Some genes require an enhancer, potentially located away from the promoter.
  • Correct fusion of promoters/enhancers is important for targeted gene expression.

Transgenic Animal Strategies

  • Enhancing animal value for production traits and conventional animal products (e.g., milk, meat).
  • Generating animals for biosynthesizing non-conventional commercial products.

Overall Applications

  • Transgenic animal technology: Identifying/manipulating genes and their applications in domesticated farm animals.
  • Improve animal productivity.

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Description

Explore the concepts of selective breeding and the creation of transgenic animals. Understand how genetic engineering has influenced animal traits and productivity through various DNA transfer methods. This quiz will test your knowledge on these fundamental biotechnological practices.

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